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Vol. 287, Issue 3, 815-823, December 1998
Departments of
Anesthesiology and Pharmacology (Y.-F.S., K.-J.C.),
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Division of Chemistry (R.W.M.),
Glaxo Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, and
Delta Pharmaceuticals,
Inc. (K.-J.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Evidence suggests both opioid mu and
delta receptors may participate in the regulation of
respiration at different central nervous system sites. In the past, the
overlapping receptor specificity of various opioid drugs has made it
difficult to dissect the receptor subtype-specific activities involved
in respiratory regulation. The new family of delta receptor
selective agents such as
cyclic[D-Pen2,5]enkephalin, deltorphins,
(+)-4-((
-R)-
-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide, naltrindole and H-Tyr-Tic(
)[CH2NH]Phe-Phe-OH have now
made it feasible to more clearly define the role of delta
receptors in respiratory control. In a series of experiments we
observed that systemic infusion of rats with the highly mu
receptor-specific opioid alfentanil induced antinociception and
hypercapnia, and both of these effects were antagonized by the
mu antagonist
D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2. However,
peripheral administration of the delta receptor antagonist naltrindole reverses the hypercapnia but not the antinociceptive activity of alfentanil. This differential effect of naltrindole on
antinociception and hypercapnia could also be produced with the
delta agonist
(+)-4-((
-R)-
-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide. In addition, intracerebroventricular delivery of a number of peptide delta ligands
cyclic[D-Pen2,5]enkephalin, deltorpnin II and
H-Tyr-Tic(
)[CH2NH]Phe-Phe-OH also produced the same
differential reversal of hypercapnia without affecting antinociception.
Thus, both the traditional delta agonists and antagonists
are able to reverse the alfentanil-induced hypercapnia without
affecting antinociception. The reversal of alfentanil-induced hypercapnia by these delta ligands was antagonized by a
novel synthetic delta antagonist
cis-4-(
-(4-((Z)-2-butenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide. We propose that in this experimental respiration model, the
delta antagonists naltrindole and
H-Tyr-Tic(
)[CH2NH]Phe-Phe-OH behave like
delta agonists with low but sufficient intrinsic activities to reverse alfentanil-induced hypercapnia in rats. The results suggest
that a function of the delta receptor is to modulate or counteract the respiratory depression induced by the mu receptor.
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