Neuronal systems involved in the initiation of cocaine reinforcement were investigated by
identifying brain sites where direct application of the drug was reinforcing. This was …

This article will review data obtained from both clinical and preclinical investigations
demonstrating that exposure to stress has a significant impact on drug addiction. The preclinical …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in all aspects of cocaine self-administration.
Corticosterone seems to be crucial for the acquisition of drug use since self-…

The experiments described below were designed to investigate whether contingent versus
non-contingent electric footshock would affect the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-…

Scientists have been aware of the existence of a complex relationship between stress and
the subsequent activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the …

Microinfusions of the endogenous opiate neurohumor, methionine enkephalin, into the
nucleus accumbens initiated a reinforcing stimulus in a dose-related manner. The reinforcing …

A growing clinical literature indicates that there is a link between substance abuse and stress.
One explanation for the high co-occurrence of stress-related disorders and drug addiction …

Cocaine stimulates the secretion of corticosterone and ACTH, probably through a CRF-related
mechanism, indicating that the drug activates the HPA axis. Indeed, cocaine has been …

The effects of cocaine on defensive withdrawal behavior in rats and elevated plus-maze
behavior in mice were investigated. Cocaine (20 mg/kg IP) injected daily for 7 or 14 days …

The role of corticosterone in cocaine reinforcement was investigated in rats exposed to
either response-contingent electric footshock, noncontingent shock or no shock prior to the …