Microglia are thought to play important roles in the maintenance of neuronal circuitry and
the regulation of behavior. We found that the cortical microglia contain an intrinsic molecular …

Diurnal variations in pain hypersensitivity are common in chronic pain disorders, but the
underlying mechanisms are enigmatic. Here, we report that mechanical pain hypersensitivity in …

Activating transcription factor (ATF)/cAMP-response element (CRE)-binding (CREB) proteins
induce the CRE-mediated gene transcription depending on the cAMP stimulation. cAMP-…

Background: Neuropathic pain is characterized by hypersensitivity to innocuous stimuli (tactile
allodynia) that is nearly always resistant to NSAIDs or even opioids. Gabapentin, a GABA …

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and polysulfides (H 2 S n , n ≥ 2) are signaling molecules produced
by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) that play various physiological roles, …

Digested proteins are mainly absorbed as small peptides composed of two or three amino
acids. The intestinal absorption of small peptides is mediated via only one transport system: …

The expression of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification is under the control of the
circadian clock. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is one of the transcription factors …

Xanthine oxidase (XOD), also known as xanthine dehydrogenase, is a rate-limiting enzyme
in purine nucleotide degradation, which produces uric acid. Uric acid concentrations in the …

ABCG2, encoding breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), is a member of the ATP-binding
cassette transporter family and is often associated with cancer chemotherapeutic resistance…

In addition to their digestive actions, bile acids modulate gene expression by altering the
activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). The modulatory effects of bile …