Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive
drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/…

Alcoholism is characterized by a compulsion to seek and ingest alcohol, loss of control over
intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state during abstinence. We …

Although women appear to be more vulnerable to alcohol-induced pathophysiology than
men, the neurobiological basis for sex differences is largely unknown, partially because most …

Alcoholism, or alcohol use disorder, is a major public health concern that is a considerable
risk factor for morbidity and disability; therefore, effective treatments are urgently needed. …

Growing evidence indicates that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system is involved in
the neurobiology of addictive behaviors, and GLP-1 analogues may be used for the treatment …

Alcoholism (alcohol dependence) is characterized by a compulsion to seek and ingest
alcohol (ethanol), loss of control over intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state …

Animal models of drug dependence have described both reductions in brain reward processes
and potentiation of stress-like (or anti-reward) mechanisms, including a recruitment of …

The abuse of prescription opioids that are used for the treatment of chronic pain is a major
public health concern, costing∼ $53.4 billion annually in lost wages, health-care costs, and …

The abuse of opioid drugs, both illicit and prescription, is a persistent problem in the United
States, accounting for >1.2 million users who require treatment each year. Current treatments …

The study of inbred strains of rodents that differ for specific behaviours can help us to understand
the biological mechanisms underlying complex psychological traits. Lewis (LEW) and …