Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug intake, loss
of control over intake, and impairment in social and occupational function. Animal models …

Opioid abuse has increased in the last decade, primarily as a result of increased access to
prescription opioids. Physicians are also increasingly administering opioid analgesics for …

Tobacco use is a major economic and health problem. It is particularly concerning that women
consume more tobacco products, have a more difficult time quitting smoking, and are less …

Alcohol dependence is characterized by excessive consumption, loss of control over intake,
and the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, including both motivational and physical …

Background: Ethanol self‐administering rats exhibit enhanced responding during withdrawal
from continuous exposure to ethanol vapor. This study compared self‐administration of …

Clinical studies link disruption of the neuroendocrine stress system with alcoholism, but
remaining unknown is whether functional differences in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA…

Cocaine and cocaine-associated cues elicit craving in addicts and reinstate cocaine-seeking
behavior in rats. Craving and cocaine-seeking behavior may be mediated by withdrawal-…

Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, induces negative emotional
symptoms during abstinence that contribute to a profound craving for nicotine. However, the …

This report of the proceedings of a symposium presented at the 2004 Research Society on
Alcoholism Meeting provides evidence linking stress during sobriety to craving that increases …

This study compared the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine in adolescent, adult, and
adult rats pre-exposed to nicotine during adolescence. Prior to conditioning, the rats were …