Anticholinergics are widely used for the treatment of COPD, and to a lesser extent for asthma.
Primarily used as bronchodilators, they reverse the action of vagally derived acetylcholine …

Rationale: Recent findings have demonstrated that muscarinic M 3 receptor stimulation
enhances airway smooth muscle proliferation to peptide growth factors in vitro. Because both …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by abnormal
extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Recently, activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway has …

Chronic asthma is an inflammatory airways disease characterized by pathological changes
in the airway smooth muscle (ASM) bundle that contribute to airway obstruction and …

For many years it has been supposed that the production of an excess of nitric oxide (NO)
by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) plays a major role in inflammatory diseases, including …

Recent studies have indicated that arginase, which converts l-arginine into l-ornithine and
urea, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary disorders. In …

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airways' disease, characterized by allergen‐induced
early and late bronchial obstructive reactions, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway …

Changes in the ECM and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass are major
contributors to airway remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has …

Airway remodelling and emphysema are major structural abnormalities in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). In addition, pulmonary vascular remodelling may occur and …

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays a key role in the development of airway
hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in asthma, which may involve maturation of ASM cells to a …