Estrogen receptors (ERs1) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear
hormone receptor superfamily. In the late 1950s, the existence of a receptor molecule that …

After neuronal injury and in several neurodegenerative diseases, activated microglia secrete
proinflammatory molecules that can contribute to the progressive neural damage. The …

Estrogen is an immunoregulatory agent, in that hormone deprivation increases while 17β-estradiol
(E 2 ) administration blocks the inflammatory response; however, the underlying …

Sex has a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the
response to treatments. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of …

Beyond the key role in reproductive and cognitive functions, estrogens have been shown to
protect against neurodegeneration associated with acute and chronic injuries of the adult …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

Recent studies highlight the prominent role played by estrogens in protecting the central
nervous system (CNS) against the noxious consequences of a chronic inflammatory reaction. …

Through intracellular receptors, estrogens control growth, differentiation and function of not
only reproductive tissues, but also other systems 1 , 2 , 3 . Estrogen receptors are ligand-…

In the uterus insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling can be initiated by estradiol acting
through its nuclear receptor (estrogen receptor (ER)) to stimulate the local synthesis of IGF-1…

Steroid hormone receptors function classically in the nucleus as transcription factors. However,
recent data indicate that there are also non-nuclear subpopulations of steroid hormone …