1. Single intravenous doses (25, 50 and 100 micrograms) of medetomidine (MPV-785, an imidazole derivative), a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, were administered to eight healthy male volunteers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 2. The following dose-related effects, all of which were compatible with an agonistic action of the drug at alpha 2-adrenoceptors, were noted: reductions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (maximum 18/11 mm Hg), heart rate (maximum 10 beats min-1), saliva secretion (maximum 84%) and noradrenaline levels in plasma (maximum 70%). 3. Dose-dependent sedation or impairment of vigilance was also observed, both by subjective and objective (critical flicker fusion threshold) assessments, with the highest dose actually inducing sleep in five of the subjects. 4. The observed effects were in general agreement with those previously seen after intravenous administration of the centrally acting antihypertensive alpha 2-adrenoceptor activating drug, clonidine, but of a shorter duration. 5. The relative importance of alpha 2-adrenoceptors located in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system for the drug's cardiovascular effects could not be determined, but the high lipid solubility of the compound and the rapid onset of sedation are in favour of a major central component. 6. Medetomidine may be a useful tool for the investigation of the physiology and pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in man. In addition, the therapeutic and diagnostic uses of the compound should be investigated in pathological conditions related to increased sympathetic neuronal activity.