Neuron
Primary structure and expression of β2: A novel subunit of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
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2020, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Neuronal nAChRs are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that consist of 12 receptor subunits (α2-10, β2-4). The most widely expressed nAChRs in the central nervous system contain the α4β2, α3β4, and α7 subunits (Deneris et al., 1988; Connolly et al., 1992; Gotti et al., 2008). The reinforcing properties of nicotine are mainly attributed to binding at β2-containing nAChRs (Picciotto et al., 1998; Maskos et al., 2005), particularly nAChRs that contain the α4β2 subunits for which nicotine has the highest affinity (Watkins et al., 1999; Tapper et al., 2004).
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2020, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :The first clones to be isolated from neuronal tissues included three such alpha subunits (α2, α3, and α4) as well as three subunits lacking the vicinal cysteines, two of which would form functional nAChRs when co-expressed with the muscle genes α1, γ, and ε, leading these subunits to be designated as neuronal beta subunits (β2, β3, and β4), although β3 did not co-assemble with the muscle subunits, and its function remained a mystery for a number of years, as was also the case for the α5 and α6 subunits, which were cloned later (Heinemann et al., 1990). It was subsequently shown that the α2, α3, or α4 subunits could form functional nAChRs in the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system if co-expressed with β2 (Boulter et al., 1987; Deneris et al., 1988; Wada et al., 1988) or β4 subunits (Duvoisin et al., 1989). In situ hybridization showed that the α2, α3, and α4 subunits had distinct, largely non-overlapping patterns of expression in the rat brain, with α4 expressed more widely than the other two subunits, and also that β2 was widely expressed in a pattern that overlapped the expression of all three α subunits (Wada et al., 1989).
The role of acetylcholine and its receptors in retinal processing
2016, The Curated Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral PsychologyConduits of life's spark: A perspective on ion channel research since the birth of neuron
2013, NeuronCitation Excerpt :When Neuron started, the channel field was entering the molecular era. Many reports had to do with the identification and characterization of the genes for well-studied channels that turned out to be members of three channel superfamilies: voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) (Auld et al., 1988; Catterall, 2000; Jan and Jan, 1997; Noda et al., 1984, 1986; Papazian et al., 1987; Tanabe et al., 1987; Tempel et al., 1987; Timpe et al., 1988), ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) (Ballivet et al., 1988; Corringer et al., 2000; Deneris et al., 1988; Mishina et al., 1984; Noda et al., 1982, 1983), and glutamate receptors (Hollmann and Heinemann, 1994; Hollmann et al., 1989). Such gene identification studies transformed the field as they enabled researchers to marshal the tools of site-directed mutagenesis, functional studies, and chemical labeling (Karlin and Akabas, 1998) to take an activity that could only previously be studied in a native cell and manipulate it in ways that allowed them to assign particular amino acids to the function of crucial channel parts.
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