Time-related roles of excitatory amino acid receptors during persistent noxiously evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurones
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The α2,3-selective potentiator of GABA <inf>A</inf> receptors, KRM-II-81, reduces nociceptive-associated behaviors induced by formalin and spinal nerve ligation in rats
2019, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :All efforts were made to decrease bias and to increase reproducibility (Andrews et al., 2016) as described in the method details below. Intraplanar injection of formalin initiates increases in spontaneous activity of c-fibers and discharge of wide dynamic range neurons, observed initially in spinal cord neurons (Chapman and Dickenson, 1995). Behaviorally, this neuronal excitability manifests as biphasic bouts of nocifensive responding.
Kynurenic acid and zaprinast diminished CXCL17-evoked pain-related behaviour and enhanced morphine analgesia in a mouse neuropathic pain model
2019, Pharmacological ReportsCitation Excerpt :These results correspond with previous reports showing that in rat neuropathic pain models, kynurenic acid administered intrathecally reversed the tactile hypersensitivity [75]. Moreover, kynurenic acid has analgesic properties in mice/rats pain models [33,45,47,76,77]. Similar results were observed with zaprinast, which is a high-affinity synthetic ligand of GPR35 [27,44,48,78–81].
Characterization of the Effects of L-4-Chlorokynurenine on Nociception in Rodents
2017, Journal of PainsiRNA-Mediated Knockdown of the NR1 Subunit Gene of the NMDA Receptor Attenuates Formalin-Induced Pain Behaviors in Adult Rats
2009, Journal of PainCitation Excerpt :It is evident that RNAi-mediated knockdown of NR1 does not completely block phase 2 formalin response, a finding similar to that observed with antisense39 and conditional knockout.42 Whereas the magnitude of knockdown may somewhat parallel the reduction in phase 2 response, it is more likely that other systems such as the non-NMDA glutamatergic receptors6 and pronociceptive neuropeptides5,23 make significant contributions to this nociceptive response. In contrast to the phase 2 formalin response, mechanical allodynia occurring at 24 hours after intraplantar formalin is completely blocked in vector 6 animals, suggesting that the maintenance of mechanical allodynia is entirely NMDA-receptor dependent, and, as previously reported, centrally mediated.41,45,47
Antinociceptive interactions of triple and quadruple combinations of endogenous ligands at the spinal level
2007, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :It is widely accepted that NMDA receptors also play an important role in nociceptive processing, but most of them prove to be effective on nociception only in doses with adverse effects. This may be caused by the widespread nature of the glutamate excitatory transmitter system and its involvement in many important physiological processes (Chapman and Dickenson, 1995; Yaksh, 1989; Yamamoto et al., 1993; Coderre and Empel, 1994; Joo et al., 2000; Ren et al., 1992). The proposed endogenous ligand of the NMDA receptor, KYNA, has been poorly investigated in terms of its analgesic properties at spinal level (Kekesi et al., 2002; Näsström et al., 1992; Yamamoto and Yaksh, 1992).