Regular ArticleInterleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Synergistically Mediate Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Nitric Oxide and of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors
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2021, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase inhibition in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the metabolic imbalance of diabetic retinopathy
2021, Experimental Eye ResearchCitation Excerpt :In this study we confirmed that these metabolic changes were due to impaired retinal glycolysis and impaired glutamate recycling, both events being critical pathways for maintaining homeostasis in the retina (Gowda et al., 2011; Lieth et al., 2000; Obrosova et al., 2006). Although previous studies have reported reduced activities of key regulating enzymes of glycolysis and the glutamate recycling pathway after prolonged hyperglycemia (Kanwar and Kowluru. 2009; Xu-hui et al., 2009) and inflammation (Chao et al., 1995; Yego et al., 2009), in this study GAPDH and GS activities remained unaffected in high glucose or pro-inflammatory conditions. However, there was a significant decrease in both enzyme's activities when high glucose and cytokines were added simultaneously to create the DR retina model.
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