Table 1

Summary of significant effects of triazolam, zolpidem, pentobarbital and caffeine on the visual-analog scales. ARCI, DSST and DEAR during the test-of-novel-doses and test-of-novel-drugs phase

	Triazolam (mg)		Zolpidem (mg)		Pentobarbital (mg)		Caffeine (mg)		Dunnett’s
	0.063	0.125	0.25	0.5	2.5	5	10	20	Dunnett’s	25	50	100	150	50	100	200	400
Visual analogs
Alert-energetic^*												2					28.0
Bad effects								1,2,3							2,3		21.3
Confused								1									28.6
Dizzy								1				1,2,3					34.3
Drowsy				2		1,2						1,2,3					41.9
Drug effect		1		2		1,2	2	2,3			1,2,3	1,2,3					39.7
Drunk					3							3					20.4
Excited^*					2												26.1
Fidgety								2									14.3
High							2					1					22.0
Itchy skin									3							1	12.7
Jittery															2,3		15.1
Motivated					2									1			20.7
Need to talk		4															13.5
Nervous															2		18.3
Sleepy			1,3	1,2		2					2	1,2,3					35.5
Stimulated														2	2		22.2
Sweaty									1								21.5
Tired												2,3					24.2
Turning stomach							3		2,3								7.4
Vigorous					3												22.5
ARCI
A^*				3			2					3					3.4
BG^*							2					2,3					3.3
PCAG				1			1,2	2,3				1,2,3					3.7
DSST
Trials completed^*			1	1,2,3			1,2,3,4	1,2,3,4									8.5
Trials correct^*		2		1,2,3,4			2,3	1,2,3,4				2					12.1
DEAR
Trials correct^*				2,4			1,3	3,4									3.3

Column 1 indicates the dependent measure, columns 2 to 17 indicate the dose conditions and column 18 indicates Dunnett’s value. Numbers indicate the times (hours) at which the drug condition differed significantly from placebo. An asterisk (^*) indicates that the drug condition decreased scores relative to placebo. For all other measures, the drug condition increased scores. The only exception was BG scores on the ARCI: 150 mg pentobarbital increased scores 2 hr after drug and decreased them 3 hr after drug.