lncRNAs causative for CIN
| Name | Target | Mechanism | Correlation to CIN | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TERRA | Terc TERT Ku70/80 TRF1/2 Telomere | Transcribed from telomeres; regulate telomere length via inhibition of telomerase (Terc, TERT), exonuclease degradation of chromosome ends (Ku70/80-exonuclease 1), formation of telomeric heterochromatin (TRF2-ORC1) and protection of chromosome ends from DNA damage (DNA:RNA hybrids) | Negative/positive | Schoeftner and Blasco (2008), Deng et al. (2009), Redon et al. (2010), Aguilera and García-Muse (2012), Pfeiffer and Lingner (2012), Sagie et al. (2017), Mei et al. (2021) |
| cenRNA | CENP-A HJURP CENP-C INCENP Aurora B | Transcribed from centrosomal DNA; Assists kinetochore assembly via interaction with various centromere-associated proteins and the chromosome passenger complex | Positive | Murata-Hori and Wang (2002), Wong et al. (2007), Portella et al. (2011), Kato et al. (2013), Ideue et al. (2014), Quénet and Dalal (2014), McNulty et al. (2017) |
| Enhancer RNAs | AID | In B cells, AID off-targeting to regions other than the immunoglobulin loci has been related to convergent transcription of enhancer RNAs. Convergent transcription leads to formation of R loops, which impose genomic fragility if not resolved by the RNA exosome, leading to translocations between proto-oncogenes and the potent immunoglobulin enhancers. | Positive | Meng et al. (2014), Qian et al. (2014), Pefanis et al. (2015) |
| PCAT2 | CENP-A, HIRA, DAXX | Transcribed from fragile 8q24 locus; causes local, ectopic recruitment of CENP-A and other centromere-associated proteins resulting in genome fragility | Positive | Arunkumar et al. (2022) |
| Ginir and Giniras | Cep112 Brca1 | Disruption of the Cep112-Brca1 interaction and downregulation of Cep112 and Brca1 causes centromere defects, chromosome missegregation and increased occurrence of DNA double strand breaks. | Positive | Panda et al. (2018) |
| GUARDIN | miR-23a BRCA1-BARD1 | Maintains TFR2 (shelterin complex component) expression via sponging of miR-23a to prevent telomere dysfunction. Acts as an RNA scaffold for BRCA1-BARD1, forming a ribonucleoprotein complex that influences double strand break repair. | Negative | Hu et al. (2018) |
| CCAT2 | BOP1 AURKB | Positively regulates BOP1 expression which in turn upregulates phosphorylation and activation of AURKB. Possibly mediates BOP1-AURKB interaction by scaffolding. Increased pAURKB disrupts chromosome-microtubule attachments and chromosome missegregation. | Positive | Ling et al. (2013), Chen et al. (2020) |
| NORAD | PUMILIO (PUM1/PUM2) SAM68 | Mediates phase-separation of PUM1 and PUM2 proteins, which bind to NORAD via PUMILIO response elements and/or via SAM68. This in turn inhibits the repressive effect of PUMILIO proteins on mRNA targets involved in DNA damage repair and mitosis regulation. | Negative | Lee et al. (2016), Tichon et al. (2018), Elguindy and Mendell (2021) |
BARD1, BRCA1-associated RING domain 1; DAXX, death domain–associated protein; HIRA, histone cell cycle regulator; HJURP, Holliday junction recognition protein; INCENP, inner centromere protein; ORC1, origin recognition complex subunit 1; PUM1/PUM2, PUMILIO homolog 1/PUMILIO homolog 2; TERT, telomerase reverse transcriptase.