Clinical therapies for COVID-19
| Compound/treatment | Target | Phase | ClinicalTrials.gov identifier | Approved for other clinical treatment | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camostat mesilate | Serine proteases, e.g., TMPRSS2 | Phase 1/2 | NCT04321096 | Acute pancreatitis (Japan) | Ongoing |
| Chlorpromazine | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Phase 1/2 | NCT04354805 | Schizophrenia, manic depression, nausea, anxiety | Not yet recruiting |
| Phase 3 | NCT04366739 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Ciclesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid | Viral nonstructural protein 15 encoding an endonuclease and host process | Phase 2 | NCT04330586 | Asthma and allergic rhinitis (Schaffner and Skoner, 2009) | Not yet recruiting |
| Favipiravir (Avigan) with tocilizumab | RdRp | Not applicable | NCT04310228 | Influenza (Japan) | Ongoing |
| IL-6 | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine | Antiviral properties unclear | Various | Multiple | Malaria, autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) | Varies |
| Interferon-α1b nasal drops | Host immune response to virus | Phase 3 | NCT04320238 | None | Ongoing |
| Ivermectin | Viral transport into host nucleus | Varies | Multiple | Antiparasitic | Ongoing |
| Lopinavir + ritonavir (Kaletra) | 3CLpro | Phase 4 | NCT04252885 | HIV | Ongoing; preliminary results show no benefit beyond standard care (Baden and Rubin, 2020) |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir + ribavirin and interferon beta-1b | 3CLpro, viral polymerase, host immune response to virus | Phase 2 | NCT04276688 | HIV | Completed; significant improvement in outcomes (Hung et al., 2020) |
| Nafamostat | Serine protease | Phase 1 | NCT04352400 | Pancreatitis (Japan and Germany) | Not yet recruiting |
| Niclosamide | Viral and host processes | Phase 2 and 3 | NCT04345419 | Anthelminthic drug | Not yet recruiting |
| Nitazoxanide | Viral and host processes | Various | Multiple | Antiparasitic drug | Ongoing |
| Remdesivir | RdRp | Phase 3 | NCT04257656 | HIV | Terminated |
| NCT04252664 | Terminated | ||||
| NCT04292899 | Ongoing | ||||
| NCT04280705 | Ongoing | ||||
| Tocilizumab or sarilumaub | Human mAb that inhibits the IL-6 pathway by binding and blocking the IL-6 receptor | Various | Multiple | Multiple, including chimeric antigen receptor T cell–induced cytokine release syndrome, other autoimmune conditions (Barlow et al., 2020) | Ongoing |
| Umifenovir (Arbidol) | Viral membrane fusion of influenza a and b | Phase 4 | NCT04260594 | Influenza (Russia and China) | Not yet recruiting |