Compound | Atomoxetine | Methylphenidate | Clozapine | Cariprazine | Vortioxetine | Atipamezole | Idazoxan | Fluparoxan | IRL752 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Key targets | NAT | DAT,NAT | 5-HT2, α2, H1 | D3, D2, 5-HT1A | SERT, 5-HT3 | α2 | α2 | α2 | 5-HT7, α2, SERT, σ1 |
Procognitive Dose range | Yes (ADHD) 0.3-3 mg/kg = 1.2-12 μmol/kg, i.p. | Yes(ADHD) 0.5-30 mg/kg = 2.15-129 μmol/kg, i.p. or p.o. | Yes (Schiz) 0.1-100 mg/kg = 0.3-300 μmol/kg, s.c., i.p., or p.o. | Yes (Schiz) 0.2-3 mg/kg = 0.23-7 μmol/kg, p.o. or s.c. | Yes (Depr) 2.5-10 mg/kg = 8.4-34 μmol/kg, s.c. | Variable 0.5-4.5 mg/kg = 2.4-21.2 μmol/kg, i.p. or s.c | Variable 0.25-20 mg/kg = 1.23-98 μmol/kg, i.p. or s.c | Variable 0.63-10 mg/kgv= 3.2-51.3 μmol/kg, s.c. or i.p. | TBD 10.6 mg/k g= 50 μmol/kg, s.c. |
NA PFC | Increase(∼300) | Increase(∼290) | Increase(∼350-390) | No effect | Increase(∼270) | Increase(∼250) | Increase(∼250) | Increase(∼240) | Increase(∼380) |
DA PFC | Increase(∼325) | Increase(∼350) | Increase(∼360-400) | No effect | Increase(∼275) | Increase(∼260) | Increase(∼210) | Increase(∼150) | Increase(∼285) |
DOPAC PFC 5-HT PFC | Increase(∼150) | No effect | Increase(∼250) | N/A | Increase(∼150) | Increase(∼180) | Increase(∼135) | Increase(∼180%) | No effect |
No effect | No effect | Decrease(∼25) | No effect | Increase(∼410) | Increase(∼160) | No effect | No effect | Increase(∼220) | |
DA Stri | No effect | Increase (∼210-250) | Increase(∼150-170) | N/A | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect |
DOPAC Stri | No effect | N/A | Increase(∼190) | N/A | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect | No effect |
5-HT Stri | Increase(∼150) | Increase(∼320) | Decrease(∼65) | N/A | Increase(∼360) | No effect | Decrease(∼50) | Decrease(∼70) | Increase(∼170) |
ACh PFC | Increase(∼300) | Increase (∼250-300) | Increase(∼500-625) | No effect | Increase(∼230) | Increase(∼250) | Increase(∼275) | Increase(∼300) | Increase(∼250) |
LMA, normal | No effect | Increase | Decrease | Decrease | No effect | No effect | No effect | Increase | No effect |
IEGs FEX | No effect | Increase (Arc) | No effect | No effect | No effect | Increase (Arc) | No effect | Increase (Arc,c-fos) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) |
IEGs Stri | No effect | Increase (Arc) | Increase (c-fos) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) | Increase (Arc) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) | Increase (Arc,c-fos) |
NOR | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | N/A | N/A | Yes |
RL or ASST | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes |
Figures in brackets refer to approximate peak level (% of corresponding baseline), DAT,dopamine transporter; ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder; ASST, Attentional Set-Shifting Test; Depr, Depressive disorder; LMA, locomotor activity; N/A, data not available; No effect, not significantly different from corresponding control treatment; Schiz, Schizophrenia; Stri, striatum; Fcx, frontal cortex; TBD, To be determined.