TABLE 3

miRNAs in the regulation of immune responses and epigenetics in melanoma

miRNAFunctionExpression of miRNATargetReference
miR-30b and miR-30dCell invasion and Immune suppressionUpregulationGalNAc transferasesGaziel-Sovran et al. (2011)
miR-34a and miR-34cRegulation of innate immunityUpregulationNKG2DL ULBP2Heinemann et al. (2012)
miR-494Tumor-expanded MDSCsUpregulationPTENLiu et al. (2012b)
miR-302c and miR-520cNatural killer cell-mediated toxicity to tumor cellsDownregulationNKG2D, MICA/B, and ULBP2Min et al. (2013)
miR-155Melanoma immune escapeUpregulationIL-1β, MITF-MArts et al. (2015)
miR-375Cell proliferation, invasion, and cell motilityEpigenetic regulationMinimal CpG island methylation in melanocytes, keratinocytes, normal skin and nevus Hypermethylation of CpG island in patients primary, regional, distant and nodular metastatic melanoma tissuesMazar et al. (2011a)
miR-34bCell invasion and motilityEpigenetic regulationCpG island methylationMazar et al. (2011b)
miR-182Epigenetic modulationUpregulationCpG island hypermethylationLiu et al. (2013a)
miR-148aRegulation of DNA methylationDownregulationTGIF2Tian et al. (2015)
miR-26, miR-29 and miR-203Melanocyte transformation/antioncogenicEpigenetic regulationDnmt3b CREB1/MITF/RAB27aGasque Schoof et al. (2015), Noguchi et al. (2015, 2016)

  • MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cell.