How epigenetic modifications may contribute to pleiotropic and adverse effects of statins
| Epigenetic Modification | Downstream Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cancer | ||
| Increased histone acetylation | Increased expression of TSGs (p21) | Lin et al. (2008) |
| HMT inhibition | Increased expression of TSGs (p27) | Ishikawa et al. (2014) |
| Decreased DNA methylation | Increased expression of TSGs (BMP2) | Kodach et al. (2011) |
| Upregulation of miR-612 | Increased cancer cell differentiation and chemosensitivity | Karlic et al. (2015) |
| Upregulation of miR-33b | Downregulation of oncogene c-Myc | Takwi et al. (2012) |
| Upregulation of miR-182 | Downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 | Peng et al. (2013) |
| Downregulation of miR-34a | Upregulation of SIRT1, HDAC1, and HDAC7 | Karlic et al. (2015) |
| Possible increased cancer cell proliferation and invasion | ||
| Atherosclerosis | ||
| Increased histone acetylation | Increased expression of antiatherosclerotic genes (CCR7 and ACE2) | Feig et al. (2011) Tikoo et al. (2015) |
| Downregulation of miR-34a | Upregulation of SIRT1, HDAC1, and HDAC7 | Tabuchi et al. (2012) |
| Increased blood EPC counts | ||
| Downregulation of miR-221 and miR-222 | Increased blood EPC counts | Minami et al. (2009) |
| Immunomodulation | ||
| Decreased DNA methylation | Increased FOXP3+ regulatory T cells | Kim et al. (2010) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | ||
| Increased histone methylation | Increased expression of antifibrotic genes (E-cadherin) | Singh et al. (2016) |
| Myopathy | ||
| Upregulation of miR-499-5p | Correlated with creatinine kinase levels | Min et al. (2016) |
| Liver damage | ||
| Upregulation of miR-192 | Decreased ATP production | Pek et al. (2016) |