PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Luisa P. Cacheaux
AU  - Norbert Topf
AU  - Gareth R. Tibbs
AU  - Ulrich R. Schaefer
AU  - Roberto Levi
AU  - Neil L. Harrison
AU  - Geoffrey W. Abbott
AU  - Peter A. Goldstein
TI  - Impairment of Hyperpolarization-Activated, Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Function by the Intravenous General Anesthetic Propofol
AID  - 10.1124/jpet.105.091801
DP  - 2005 Nov 01
TA  - Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
PG  - 517--525
VI  - 315
IP  - 2
4099  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/315/2/517.short
4100  - http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/315/2/517.full
SO  - J Pharmacol Exp Ther2005 Nov 01; 315
AB  - Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a widely used intravenous general anesthetic, which has been reported to produce bradycardia in patients at concentrations associated with profound sedation and loss of consciousness. Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels conduct a monovalent cationic current Ih (also known as Iq or If) that contributes to autorhythmicity in both the brain and heart. Here we studied the effects of propofol on recombinant HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 channels and found that the drug inhibits and slows activation of all three channels at clinically relevant concentrations. In oocyte expression studies, HCN1 channel activation was most sensitive to slowing by propofol (EC50 values of 5.6 ± 1.0 μM for fast component and 31.5 ± 7.5 μM for slow component). HCN1 channels also showed a marked propofol-induced hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation (EC50 of 6.7 ± 1.0 μM) and accelerated deactivation (EC50 of 4.5 ± 0.9 μM). Furthermore, propofol reduced heart rate in an isolated guinea pig heart preparation over the same range of concentrations. These data suggest that propofol modulation of HCN channel gating is an important molecular mechanism that can contribute to the depression of central nervous system function and also lead to bradyarrhythmias in patients receiving propofol during surgical anesthesia. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics