RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Ion-Trapping, Microsomal Binding, and Unbound Drug Distribution in the Hepatic Retention of Basic Drugs JF Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics JO J Pharmacol Exp Ther FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics SP 228 OP 235 DO 10.1124/jpet.103.056770 VO 308 IS 1 A1 Gerhard A. Siebert A1 Daniel Y. Hung A1 Ping Chang A1 Michael S. Roberts YR 2004 UL http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/308/1/228.abstract AB This study investigated the relative contribution of ion-trapping, microsomal binding, and distribution of unbound drug as determinants in the hepatic retention of basic drugs in the isolated perfused rat liver. The ionophore monensin was used to abolish the vesicular proton gradient and thus allow an estimation of ion-trapping by acidic hepatic vesicles of cationic drugs. In vitro microsomal studies were used to independently estimate microsomal binding and metabolism. Hepatic vesicular ion-trapping, intrinsic elimination clearance, permeability-surface area product, and intracellular binding were derived using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Modeling showed that the ion-trapping was significantly lower after monensin treatment for atenolol and propranolol, but not for antipyrine. However, no changes induced by monensin treatment were observed in intrinsic clearance, permeability, or binding for the three model drugs. Monensin did not affect binding or metabolic activity in vitro for the drugs. The observed ion-trapping was similar to theoretical values estimated using the pHs and fractional volumes of the acidic vesicles and the pKa values of drugs. Lipophilicity and pKa determined hepatic drug retention: a drug with low pKa and low lipophilicity (e.g., antipyrine) distributes as unbound drug, a drug with high pKa and low lipophilicity (e.g., atenolol) by ion-trapping, and a drug with a high pKa and high lipophilicity (e.g., propranolol) is retained by ion-trapping and intracellular binding. In conclusion, monensin inhibits the ion-trapping of high pKa basic drugs, leading to a reduction in hepatic retention but with no effect on hepatic drug extraction. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics