RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3–Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro–In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey
JF Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
JO J Pharmacol Exp Ther
FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
SP 169
OP 180
DO 10.1124/jpet.120.000457
VO 377
IS 1
A1 Heather Eng
A1 Yi-an Bi
A1 Mark A. West
A1 Sangwoo Ryu
A1 Emi Yamaguchi
A1 Rachel E. Kosa
A1 David A. Tess
A1 David A. Griffith
A1 John Litchfield
A1 Amit S. Kalgutkar
A1 Manthena V. S. Varma
YR 2021
UL http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/377/1/169.abstract
AB It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion–transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400–730 Da, logP ∼3.5–8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin–OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion–transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.