Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) functions as a neurotransmitter involved in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The actions of VIP are mediated through VPAC1 and VPAC2. In contrast to VPAC1, which has been extensively studied, little is known about the pharmacology of VPAC2. In this study we investigated the VIP pharmacophore for VPAC2 by using alanine and d-amino acid scanning. We found significant species differences, and the human VPAC2 (hVPAC2) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which have been used in previous studies, differed significantly from the native hVPAC2 in Sup T1cells and hVPAC2 expressed in PANC1 cells. There was a close agreement between binding affinities and potencies for VPAC2 activation. The amino acids whose backbone or side chain orientations were most important for high affinity potency are Asp3, Phe6, Thr7, Tyr10, Arg12, Tyr22, and Leu23, whereas the side chains of Ser2, Asp8, Asn9, Gln16, Val19, Lys20, Lys21, Asn24, and Ser25 are not essential. Comparison of the VIP pharmacophore between hVPAC1 and hVPAC2 demonstrated that the side chains of Thr7, Tyr10, Thr11, and Tyr22 were much more critical for high affinity for the hVPAC2 than the hVPAC1. In contrast, the orientation of the side chain of Asn24 was more important for high affinity for the hVPAC1. This study shows that in assessing the pharmacophore of VIP analogs for the VPAC2, important species differences need to be considered as well as the expression system used. These results of our study should be useful for designing VPAC subtype-selective analogs, simplified analogs, and possibly metabolically stable analogs.
Footnotes
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DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.038075
- Abbreviations:
- VIP
- vasoactive intestinal peptide
- VPAC
- for official nomenclature, see Harmer et al., 1998
- VPAC1
- VPAC1-receptor
- VPAC2
- VPAC2-receptor
- hVPAC
- human VPAC receptor
- rVPAC
- rat VPAC receptor
- CHO
- Chinese hamster ovary
- hVPAC2/CHO
- hVPAC2 stably transfected CHO cells
- rVPAC2/CHO rVPAC2 stably transfected CHO cells
- hVPAC2/PANC1, hVPAC2 stably transfected PANC1 cells
- rVPAC2/PANC1
- rVPAC2 stably transfected PANC1 cells
- PANC1
- human pancreatic cancer cell line
- PACAP
- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
- G418
- geneticin
- IBMX
- 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
- BSA
- bovine serum albumin
- DMEM
- Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- Ro 25-1553
- Ac-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Nle-Ala-Ala-Lys-cyclo[Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Asp]-Leu-Lys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Thr-NH2
- Received May 1, 2002.
- Accepted July 2, 2002.
- U.S. Government
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