Abstract

AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a multifunctional kinase that negatively regulates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, two signaling pathways that are linked to pain promotion after injury, such as surgical incision. AMPK can be activated directly using positive allosteric modulators as well as indirectly through the upregulation of upstream kinases such as liver kinase B1 (LKB1) which is a mechanism of action of metformin. Metformin's anti-hyperalgesic effects have been shown to occur only in male mice, raising questions about how metformin regulates pain sensitivity. We used metformin as well as other structurally distinct AMPK activators narciclasine, ZLN-024 and MK8722 to treat incision-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and hyperalgesic priming in male and female mice. We found that metformin was the only AMPK activator to have sex specific effects. We also found that indirect AMPK activators metformin and NCLS were able to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity and block hyperalgesic priming while direct AMPK activators, ZLN-024 and MK8722 only blocked priming. Direct and indirect AMPK activators stimulated AMPK in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cultures to a similar degree. However, incision decreased phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) in DRG. Because AMPK phosphorylation is required for kinase activity, we interpret our findings as evidence that indirect AMPK activators are more effective for treating pain hypersensitivity after incision because they are able to drive increased p-AMPK through upstream kinases like LKB1. These findings have important implications for the development of AMPK-targeting therapeutics for pain treatment.