Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Body weight alterations after bariatric surgery. (A) The experimental design is presented as a flowchart. SD rats were randomized to have RYGB or SG surgery, and body weight alterations were measured every week (B). Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. Compared with the RYGBS group: #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001; ####P < 0.0001; compared with SGS group: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 2.
Effect of bariatric surgery on bone metabolism in rats. (A) Whole-body bone density was determined by using DXA. (B) The trabecular bone microstructure of tibia in each group was determined by micro-CT with the analysis of BV/TV, Tb. Th, Tb. N, Tb.Sp, and SMI. (C) The pathologic alteration of each group was determined by H&E staining. Scale bar, 100 μm. The activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in each group were respectively analyzed by ALP staining (D) and TRAP staining (E). Scale bar, 100 μm. (F) The content of bone collagen of each group was assessed by Sirius Red staining. Scale bar, 100 μm. (G) The expression levels of RANKL and OPG were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 3.
Effect of bariatric surgery on osteoblast autophagy in rats. (A) The LC3II/I, p62, and beclin 1 expression levels were analyzed by Western blot. (B) The expression level of beclin 1 in each group was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Black arrow: beclin 1–positive osteoblasts. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of beclin 1–positive osteoblasts. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 4.
Alterations of the gut microbiome after bariatric surgery. (A) The Venn diagram shows the similarities and overlap between four groups. (B) The Shannon index suggests α diversity among different groups. (C) The weighted PCoA plot analysis indicates the β diversity in each group. (D) The difference between different phyla is presented by heatmap. (E) Relative abundance analysis of top four bacterial phyla. (F) The genus-level differences in different groups is presented by heatmap. (G) Relative abundance analysis of the top eight differentiated bacterial genera. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 5. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 5.
Body weight alterations after the RYGB fecal microbiota transplantation and C. butyricum intervention. (A) The experimental design is presented as a flowchart. Obese rats received RYGB fecal microbiota transplantation and C. butyricum intervention. The body weight changes were recorded every week after manipulation (B). Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. Compared with the sham D group: #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001; ####P < 0.0001; compared with RYGBD group: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 6.
Effect of C. butyricum on RYGB fecal microbiota transplantation–induced impaired bone metabolism in pseudo germ-free obese rats. (A) Whole-body bone density was determined by using DXA. (B) The images of tibia trabecular microstructure with micro-CT analyses in different groups. (C) The pathologic alterations in each group were determined by H&E staining. (D) The osteoblast activity was presented as ALP staining. Scale bar, 100 μm. (E–F) TARP and Sirius Red staining were respectively performed to analyze the activity of osteoclasts and collagen content. Scale bar, 100 μm. (G) The expression levels of RANKL and OPG were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Scale bar, 50 μm. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
- Fig. 7.
Effect of C. butyricum on RYGB fecal microbiota transplantation–induced defective osteoblast autophagy in pseudo germ-free obese rats. (A–C) Western blot was conducted to measure the difference in protein levels of LC3II/I, p62, and beclin 1. (D) Immunohistochemical staining was performed to show the changes in beclin 1 expression. Black arrow: beclin 1–positive osteoblasts. Scale bar, 100 μm. (E) Quantitative analysis of beclin 1–positive osteoblasts. Data are expressed as means ± S.D. of n = 6. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Effect of surgery on the bone turnover markers
All values are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 6).
Parameters RYGBS RYGB SGS SG CTX-I (pg/ml) 1266 ± 208 4385 ± 96#### 1027 ± 95 2836 ± 276*** OCN (pg/ml) 2091.37 ± 110.33 1256.92 ± 100.65### 1924.35 ± 144.46 1008.33 ± 126.73** #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001; ####P < 0.0001, compared with RYGBS group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001, compared with SGS group.
- TABLE 2
Effect of RYGB fecal microbiota intervention and C. butyricum administration on bone turnover markers
All values are expressed as means ± S.D. (n = 6).
Tests Sham D RYGB D RYGB D + C.B CTX-I (pg/ml) 2250 ± 83 5098 ± 452#### 2492 ± 208**** OCN (pg/ml) 1405.41 ± 78.75 1103.63 ± 170.22# 1686.99 ± 84.20** #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001; ####P < 0.0001, compared with Sham D group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001, compared with RYGB D group.
In this issue
C. butyricum Alleviates Bone Loss after Bariatric Surgery
