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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenetics

Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3–Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro–In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey

Heather Eng, Yi-an Bi, Mark A. West, Sangwoo Ryu, Emi Yamaguchi, Rachel E. Kosa, David A. Tess, David A. Griffith, John Litchfield, Amit S. Kalgutkar and Manthena V. S. Varma
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 2021, 377 (1) 169-180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000457
Heather Eng
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Yi-an Bi
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Mark A. West
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Sangwoo Ryu
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Emi Yamaguchi
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Rachel E. Kosa
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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David A. Tess
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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David A. Griffith
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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John Litchfield
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Amit S. Kalgutkar
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Manthena V. S. Varma
ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract

It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion–transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400–730 Da, logP ∼3.5–8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin–OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion–transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.

Footnotes

    • Received December 7, 2020.
    • Accepted January 25, 2021.
  • All authors are full-time employees of Pfizer Inc. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to this study. No funding was received for the work reported here.

  • https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000457.

  • ↵Embedded ImageThis article has supplemental material available at jpet.aspetjournals.org.

  • Copyright © 2021 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 377 (1)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 377, Issue 1
1 Apr 2021
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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenetics

OATP1B and PK of Large Lipophilic Acids

Heather Eng, Yi-an Bi, Mark A. West, Sangwoo Ryu, Emi Yamaguchi, Rachel E. Kosa, David A. Tess, David A. Griffith, John Litchfield, Amit S. Kalgutkar and Manthena V. S. Varma
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 1, 2021, 377 (1) 169-180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000457

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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenetics

OATP1B and PK of Large Lipophilic Acids

Heather Eng, Yi-an Bi, Mark A. West, Sangwoo Ryu, Emi Yamaguchi, Rachel E. Kosa, David A. Tess, David A. Griffith, John Litchfield, Amit S. Kalgutkar and Manthena V. S. Varma
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 1, 2021, 377 (1) 169-180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000457
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