MCP-1 | Expressed in airway epithelia, MCP-1 regulates infiltration of immune cells (i.e., monocytes and macrophages) to site of injury. Found to be significantly higher in sputum and serum of patients with CF vs. healthy persons | Rao et al., 2000; Lundien et al., 2002; Brennan et al., 2009; Velikova et al., 2018 |
GM-CSF | Produced by airway epithelia, GM-CSF stimulates the production of immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes. Found to be elevated in patients with CF specifically with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection | Cox et al., 1991; Jensen et al., 2006 |
IL-8 | Proinflammatory cytokine produced by airway epithelial cells and is elevated in bronchiolar lavage fluid and sputum of patients with CF vs. healthy persons | Dean et al., 1993; Bonfield et al., 1995b; Sagel et al., 2001 |
IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine that acts to reduce gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Shown to be downregulated in CF airway epithelia | Bonfield et al., 1995a |
IL-23 | Proinflammatory cytokine expressed in airway epithelia | Lee et al., 2017 |
IL-33 | Cytokine expressed in airway epithelia that induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells, eosinophils, and helper T cells | Moussion et al., 2008; Préfontaine et al., 2010; Drake and Kita, 2017; Lee et al., 2017 |