Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Relationship between osmolality and viscosity for RCM agents. Maximum concentrations of iodine provided by the manufacturers and corresponding viscosities at 37°C. Refer to Table 1 for values.
- Fig. 2.
Molecular structures of different RCM. Parent compound to modern RCM, acetrizoic acid (A); first generation ionic monomer, diatrizoic acid (B); second generation nonionic monomer, iohexol (C) and ionic dimer, ioxaglate (D); and third generation nonionic dimer, iodixanol (E).
- Fig. 3.
ROS scavenging pathways in renal epithelial cells.
- Fig. 4.
Pathways involved in the UPR.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Summary of various parameters of RCM
Data are from American College of Radiology Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media (2017) (https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf).
RCM Generation RCM Name Osmolality Iodine Content Viscosity 25°C/37°C Ionicity Iodine-to-Molecule Ratio mOsmol/kg mg⋅I/ml cP or mPa⋅s First Generation Iothalamate 600–1400 141–282 2.0/1.5–6.0/4.0 Ionic monomer 1.5:1 Diatrizoate 1551 370 16.4/10.45 Ionic monomer 1.5:1 Metrizoate 2100 370 nr/4 Ionic monomer 1.5:1 Second Generation Ioxaglate 600 320 15.7/7.5 Ionic dimer 3:1 Ioxilan 721 350 16.3/8.1 Nonionic monomer 3:1 Iopromide 328–774 150–370 2.3/1.5–22.0/10.2 Nonionic monomer 3:1 Ioversol 502–792 240–350 4.6/3.0–14.3/9.0 Nonionic monomer 3:1 Iopamidol 524–796 250–370 5.1/3.0–20.9/9.4 Nonionic monomer 3:1 Iohexol 322–844 140–350 2.3/1.5–20.4/10.4 Nonionic monomer 3:1 Third Generation Iodixanol 290 270–320 12.7/6.3–26.6/11.8 Nonionic dimer 6:1 nr, not reported.
Predisposing Risk Factor Preexisting renal impairment Diabetes mellitus Congestive heart failure Decreased effective intravascular volume Salt depletion Dehydration Prolonged hypotension Low hematocrit Age >70 years Muliple myeloma Sepsis Concomitant use of various drugs
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