Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Experimental schedule of treatment. Mice were treated with clarithromycin (CAM; 200 mg/kg per day) or vehicle once daily. The postexposure medication group was treated from Day 1, and the premedication group was treated from Day –4.
- Fig. 2.
Survival curve of secondary bacterial pneumonia mice treated with or without CAM. (A) Survival curve of the postexposure medication group. Open triangle: mice treated with vehicle from Day 0 (control) (n = 6); solid triangle: mice treated with CAM from Day 0 (n = 10). (B) Survival curve of the premedication group. Open circle: mice treated with vehicle from Day –4 (control) (n = 9); solid circle: mice treated with CAM from Day –4 (n = 9); N.S., no significant difference versus control; *P < 0.05, significant difference versus control. S.P., Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Fig. 3.
Representative hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue sections of the vehicle control group (A, B) and CAM premedication group (C, D) showing pathologic inflammatory changes and bacterial proliferation on Day 6. Magnification: 40× (A, C) and 200× (B, D).
- Fig. 4.
Bacterial counts in lung homogenates (n = 7 mice/group). Data are presented as means ± S.E. *P < 0.05, significant difference versus control.
- Fig. 5.
Local antibacterial activity of CAM in the lung. Agar plates inoculated with (A) NU4471 (macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae) and (B) ATCC49619 (macrolide-susceptible S. pneumoniae). Four paper discs were arranged as follows: upper left, lung homogenates of vehicle-treated mice; lower left, lung homogenates of CAM-treated mice; upper right, garenoxacin; and lower right, CAM.
- Fig. 6.
Influenza viral titers of lung homogenates at Day 4. Data are presented as means ± S.E., n = 4 mice. N.S., no significant difference between two groups; *P < 0.05, significant difference versus the vehicle control group.
- Fig. 7.
Anti-inflammatory effect of CAM on BALF on the basis of the number of (A) total cells and (B) neutrophils in each group. Data are presented as means ± S.E.; n = 5–9 mice. N.S., no significant difference between two groups; *P < 0.05, significant difference between two groups.
- Fig. 8.
Anti-inflammatory effect of CAM on cytokine levels in BALF: (A) IFN-α, (B) IFN-β, (C) IFN-γ, and (D) IL-10. Data are presented as means ± S.E., n = 5–9 mice. N.S, no significant difference between two groups; *P < 0.05, significant difference between two groups.
- Fig. 9.
Anti-inflammatory effect of CAM on IFN-γ levels in (A) lung homogenates and (B) serum samples. Data are presented as means ± S.E.; n = 5–9 mice. N.S., no significant difference; *P < 0.05, significant difference.
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Effect of CAM on SBP during Influenza in Emphysema Mice
