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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenomics

Saturable Active Efflux by P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein at the Blood-Brain Barrier Leads to Nonlinear Distribution of Elacridar to the Central Nervous System

Ramola Sane, Sagar Agarwal, Rajendar K. Mittapalli and William F. Elmquist
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 2013, 345 (1) 111-124; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.199786
Ramola Sane
Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Sagar Agarwal
Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Rajendar K. Mittapalli
Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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William F. Elmquist
Department of Pharmaceutics, Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract

The study objective was to investigate factors that affect the central nervous system (CNS) distribution of elacridar. Elacridar inhibits transport mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) and has been used to study the influence of transporters on brain distribution of chemotherapeutics. Adequate distribution of elacridar across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the brain parenchyma is necessary to target tumor cells in the brain that overexpress transporters and reside behind an intact BBB. We examined the role of P-gp and Bcrp on brain penetration of elacridar using Friend leukemia virus strain B wild-type, Mdr1a/b(−/−), Bcrp1(−/−), and Mdr1a/b(−/−)Bcrp1(−/−) mice. Initially, the mice were administered 2.5 mg/kg of elacridar intravenously, and the plasma and brain concentrations were determined. The brain-to-plasma partition coefficient of elacridar in the wild-type mice was 0.82, as compared with 3.5 in Mdr1a/b(−/−) mice, 6.6 in Bcrp1(−/−) mice, and 15 in Mdr1a/b(−/−)Bcrp1(−/−) mice, indicating that both P-gp and Bcrp limit the brain distribution of elacridar. The four genotypes were then administered increasing doses of elacridar, and the CNS distribution of elacridar was determined. The observed and model predicted maximum brain-to-plasma ratios (Emax) at the highest dose were not significantly different in all genotypes. However, the ED50 was lower for Mdr1a/b(−/−) mice compared with Bcrp1(−/−) mice. These findings correlate with the relative expression of P-gp and Bcrp at the BBB in these mice and demonstrate the quantitative enhancement in elacridar CNS distribution as a function of its dose. Overall, this study provides useful concepts for future applications of elacridar as an adjuvant therapy to improve targeting of chemotherapeutic agents to tumor cells in the brain parenchyma.

Footnotes

    • Received August 31, 2012.
    • Accepted February 6, 2013.
  • This work was supported by National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute [Grant CA138437] (to W.F.E.); and a Faculty Development grant at the University of Minnesota (to W.F.E.); a Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship from the University of Minnesota (to S.A.); and Ronald J. Sawchuk Fellowship and Rowell Fellowship (to R.S.).

  • dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.199786.

  • Copyright © 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 345 (1)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 345, Issue 1
1 Apr 2013
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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenomics

Dose-Dependent Brain Distribution of Elacridar

Ramola Sane, Sagar Agarwal, Rajendar K. Mittapalli and William F. Elmquist
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 1, 2013, 345 (1) 111-124; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.199786

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Research ArticleMetabolism, Transport, and Pharmacogenomics

Dose-Dependent Brain Distribution of Elacridar

Ramola Sane, Sagar Agarwal, Rajendar K. Mittapalli and William F. Elmquist
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics April 1, 2013, 345 (1) 111-124; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.199786
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