Abstract
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1) seems to play a role in the efficacy and disposition of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin. Genetic variants in OCT1 have been identified largely in European populations. Metformin is increasingly being used in Asian populations where the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is on the rise. The goal of this study is to identify genetic variants of OCT1 in Chinese and Japanese populations, which may potentially modulate response to metformin. We used recent data from the 1000 Genomes Project (Chinese and Japanese) and direct sequencing of selected amplicons of OCT1 in 66 DNA samples from Japanese patients with T2D. A total of six nonsynonymous variants were identified. Three of them (Q97K, P117L, and R206C) had not been functionally characterized previously and had allele frequencies of 0.017, 0.023 and 0.008, respectively. The uptake of metformin in cells expressing Q97K, P117L, and R206C was significantly reduced relative to the OCT1 reference (62 ± 4.3, 55 ± 6.8, and 22 ± 1.5% for Q97K, P117L, and R206C, respectively). Kinetic studies indicated that P117L and R206C exhibited a reduced Vmax, whereas Q97K showed an increased Km. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Q97K and P117L variants localized to the plasma membrane, whereas the GFP-tagged R206C was retained mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Replacement of the highly conserved R206 with different amino acids modulated the subcellular localization and function of the transporter. This study suggests that nonsynonymous variants of OCT1 in Chinese and Japanese populations may affect the differential response to metformin.
Footnotes
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences [Grants GM61390, GM36780, GM074929] (to K.M.G.); a Satake Takako Award from Tokyo Women's Medical University; a grant for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports of Japan; the Program for Promoting the Establishment of Strategic Research Centers; Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan [Grant-in-Aid 19590338] (to N.I.).
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org.
doi:10.1124/jpet.110.170159.
↵ The online version of this article (available at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
- OCT
- organic cation transporter
- OCT1-ref
- OCT1-reference
- AMPK
- AMP-activate protein kinase
- SNP
- single-nucleotide polymorphism
- nsSNP
- nonsynonymous SNP
- CHB
- Chinese in Beijing
- JPT
- Japanese in Tokyo
- T2D
- type 2 diabetes
- GFP
- green fluorescent protein
- ER
- endoplasmic reticulum
- WGA
- wheat germ agglutinin
- MFV
- mean fluorescence value
- HEK
- human embryonic kidney
- PBS
- phosphate-buffered saline
- HBSS
- Hanks' balanced salt solution
- OAT
- organic anion transporter.
- Received May 13, 2010.
- Accepted July 15, 2010.
- Copyright © 2010 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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