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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

XP13512 [(±)-1-([(α-Isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane Acetic Acid], A Novel Gabapentin Prodrug: II. Improved Oral Bioavailability, Dose Proportionality, and Colonic Absorption Compared with Gabapentin in Rats and Monkeys

Kenneth C. Cundy, Thamil Annamalai, Lin Bu, Josephine De Vera, Jenny Estrela, Wendy Luo, Payal Shirsat, Allan Torneros, Fenmei Yao, Joan Zou, Ronald W. Barrett and Mark A. Gallop
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics October 2004, 311 (1) 324-333; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.067959
Kenneth C. Cundy
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Thamil Annamalai
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Lin Bu
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Josephine De Vera
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Jenny Estrela
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Wendy Luo
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Payal Shirsat
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Allan Torneros
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Fenmei Yao
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Joan Zou
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Ronald W. Barrett
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Mark A. Gallop
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Abstract

The absorption of gabapentin (Neurontin) is dose-dependent and variable between patients. Rapid clearance of the drug necessitates dosing three or more times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. These deficiencies appear to result from the low capacity, limited intestinal distribution, and variable expression of the solute transporter responsible for gabapentin absorption. Saturation of this transporter at doses used clinically leads to unpredictable drug exposure and potentially ineffective therapy in some patients. XP13512 [(±)-1-([(α-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl]aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid] is a novel prodrug of gabapentin designed to be absorbed by high-capacity nutrient transporters located throughout the intestine. XP13512 was efficiently absorbed and rapidly converted to gabapentin after oral dosing in rats and monkeys. Exposure to gabapentin was proportional to prodrug dose, whereas exposure to intact XP13512 was low. In rats, >95% of an oral dose of 14C-XP13512 was excreted in urine in 24 h as gabapentin. In monkeys, oral bioavailability of gabapentin from XP13512 capsules was 84.2% compared with 25.4% after a similar oral Neurontin dose. Compared with intracolonic gabapentin, intracolonic XP13512 gave a 17-fold higher gabapentin exposure in rats and 34-fold higher in monkeys. XP13512 may therefore be incorporated into a sustained release formulation to provide extended gabapentin exposure. XP13512 demonstrated improved gabapentin bioavailability, increased dose proportionality, and enhanced colonic absorption. In clinical use, XP13512 may improve the treatment of neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and numerous other conditions by increasing efficacy, reducing interpatient variability, and decreasing frequency of dosing.

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  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org.

  • doi:10.1124/jpet.104.067959.

  • ABBREVIATIONS: XP13512, (±)-1-([(α-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl]aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid; SMVT, sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter; MCT-1, monocarboxylate transporter type 1; HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography; GP, gabapentin; LC/MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; t1/2, elimination half-life; Tmax, time to maximum concentration; AUC(0-inf), area under the concentration versus time curve extrapolated to infinity; AUC, area under the curve.

    • Received March 5, 2004.
    • Accepted May 14, 2004.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 311 (1)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 311, Issue 1
1 Oct 2004
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XP13512 [(±)-1-([(α-Isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane Acetic Acid], A Novel Gabapentin Prodrug: II. Improved Oral Bioavailability, Dose Proportionality, and Colonic Absorption Compared with Gabapentin in Rats and Monkeys
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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

XP13512 [(±)-1-([(α-Isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane Acetic Acid], A Novel Gabapentin Prodrug: II. Improved Oral Bioavailability, Dose Proportionality, and Colonic Absorption Compared with Gabapentin in Rats and Monkeys

Kenneth C. Cundy, Thamil Annamalai, Lin Bu, Josephine De Vera, Jenny Estrela, Wendy Luo, Payal Shirsat, Allan Torneros, Fenmei Yao, Joan Zou, Ronald W. Barrett and Mark A. Gallop
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics October 1, 2004, 311 (1) 324-333; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.067959

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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

XP13512 [(±)-1-([(α-Isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane Acetic Acid], A Novel Gabapentin Prodrug: II. Improved Oral Bioavailability, Dose Proportionality, and Colonic Absorption Compared with Gabapentin in Rats and Monkeys

Kenneth C. Cundy, Thamil Annamalai, Lin Bu, Josephine De Vera, Jenny Estrela, Wendy Luo, Payal Shirsat, Allan Torneros, Fenmei Yao, Joan Zou, Ronald W. Barrett and Mark A. Gallop
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics October 1, 2004, 311 (1) 324-333; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.067959
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