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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

Ion-Trapping, Microsomal Binding, and Unbound Drug Distribution in the Hepatic Retention of Basic Drugs

Gerhard A. Siebert, Daniel Y. Hung, Ping Chang and Michael S. Roberts
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 2004, 308 (1) 228-235; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.056770
Gerhard A. Siebert
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Daniel Y. Hung
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Ping Chang
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Michael S. Roberts
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Abstract

This study investigated the relative contribution of ion-trapping, microsomal binding, and distribution of unbound drug as determinants in the hepatic retention of basic drugs in the isolated perfused rat liver. The ionophore monensin was used to abolish the vesicular proton gradient and thus allow an estimation of ion-trapping by acidic hepatic vesicles of cationic drugs. In vitro microsomal studies were used to independently estimate microsomal binding and metabolism. Hepatic vesicular ion-trapping, intrinsic elimination clearance, permeability-surface area product, and intracellular binding were derived using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Modeling showed that the ion-trapping was significantly lower after monensin treatment for atenolol and propranolol, but not for antipyrine. However, no changes induced by monensin treatment were observed in intrinsic clearance, permeability, or binding for the three model drugs. Monensin did not affect binding or metabolic activity in vitro for the drugs. The observed ion-trapping was similar to theoretical values estimated using the pHs and fractional volumes of the acidic vesicles and the pKa values of drugs. Lipophilicity and pKa determined hepatic drug retention: a drug with low pKa and low lipophilicity (e.g., antipyrine) distributes as unbound drug, a drug with high pKa and low lipophilicity (e.g., atenolol) by ion-trapping, and a drug with a high pKa and high lipophilicity (e.g., propranolol) is retained by ion-trapping and intracellular binding. In conclusion, monensin inhibits the ion-trapping of high pKa basic drugs, leading to a reduction in hepatic retention but with no effect on hepatic drug extraction.

Footnotes

  • This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Queensland and New South Wales Lions Kidney and Medical Research Foundation.

  • DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.056770.

  • ABBREVIATIONS: DMO, dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione; CLint, intrinsic elimination clearance; Kv, equilibrium amount ratio characterizing the vesicular ion-trapping sites (ion-trapping parameter); CV2, normalized variance; kvc, rate constant for transport from acidic vesicles into cytosol; E, hepatic extraction ratio; MTT, mean transit time; fuB, drug fraction unbound in perfusate; fu,MP, drug fraction unbound in microsomal protein; PS, permeability-surface area product; Kb, equilibrium amount ratio characterizing the intracellular binding sites; Q, flow rate; kcv, rate constant for transport from cytosol into acidic vesicles; ke, elimination rate constant; VB, extracellular reference space; kin, influx rate constant; VC, cellular water volume; Vmax, maximum velocity; kout, efflux rate constant.

    • Received July 13, 2003.
    • Accepted September 18, 2003.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 308 (1)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 308, Issue 1
1 Jan 2004
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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

Ion-Trapping, Microsomal Binding, and Unbound Drug Distribution in the Hepatic Retention of Basic Drugs

Gerhard A. Siebert, Daniel Y. Hung, Ping Chang and Michael S. Roberts
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 1, 2004, 308 (1) 228-235; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.056770

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Research ArticleABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION

Ion-Trapping, Microsomal Binding, and Unbound Drug Distribution in the Hepatic Retention of Basic Drugs

Gerhard A. Siebert, Daniel Y. Hung, Ping Chang and Michael S. Roberts
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 1, 2004, 308 (1) 228-235; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.056770
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