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Research ArticleArticle

Manipulation of the Tetrahydrocannabinol Side Chain Delineates Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists

B. R. Martin, R. Jefferson, R. Winckler, J. L. Wiley, J. W. Huffman, P. J. Crocker, B. Saha and R. K. Razdan
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics September 1999, 290 (3) 1065-1079;
B. R. Martin
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R. Jefferson
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R. Winckler
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J. L. Wiley
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J. W. Huffman
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P. J. Crocker
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B. Saha
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R. K. Razdan
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Abstract

Structure-activity relation studies have established that the alkyl side chain in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) plays a crucial role in the activation of the cannabinoid receptor. Unfortunately, the flexible nature of this side chain has hampered efforts to elucidate the precise nature of the interaction of THC with its receptors. Therefore, a series of analogs with structurally restrained side chains of varying length was synthesized and evaluated for pharmacological potency in mice and for receptor affinity. The introduction of cisdouble bonds inserted rigid angles, whereas triple bonds developed regions of planarity. Receptor affinity for the acetylenic and saturated side chains were the same, whereas double bond substitution increased affinity 10-fold. Moreover, the relationship between receptor affinity and potency was 10-fold less than that of Δ8-THC in the case of some acetylenic derivatives, whereas changing the triple bond to a double bond restored the potency/affinity ratio. Additionally, an acetylene at C2–C3 in the octyl and nonyl side chains favored antinociception by as much as 70-fold. Surprisingly, several high-affinity acetylenic derivatives, especially those with cyano substitutions at the terminus of the side chain, were partial agonists or were inactive. Some of these low-efficacy, high-affinity ligands elicited antagonistic activity. The finding that manipulations of the side chain produces high- affinity ligands with either antagonist, partial agonist, or full agonist effects reveals a critical structural feature for receptor activation.

Footnotes

  • Send reprint requests to: Dr. Billy R. Martin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980613, MCV Station, Richmond, VA 23298-0613. E-mail:Martinb{at}hsc.vcu.edu

  • ↵1 This research was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grants DA-03672, DA-05488, and DA-03590.

  • Abbreviations:
    THC
    tetrahydrocannabinol
    % MPE
    percentage of maximum possible effect
    SR 141716A
    N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxyamide
    • Received January 27, 1999.
    • Accepted April 30, 1999.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 290 (3)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 290, Issue 3
1 Sep 1999
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Research ArticleArticle

Manipulation of the Tetrahydrocannabinol Side Chain Delineates Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists

B. R. Martin, R. Jefferson, R. Winckler, J. L. Wiley, J. W. Huffman, P. J. Crocker, B. Saha and R. K. Razdan
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics September 1, 1999, 290 (3) 1065-1079;

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Research ArticleArticle

Manipulation of the Tetrahydrocannabinol Side Chain Delineates Agonists, Partial Agonists, and Antagonists

B. R. Martin, R. Jefferson, R. Winckler, J. L. Wiley, J. W. Huffman, P. J. Crocker, B. Saha and R. K. Razdan
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics September 1, 1999, 290 (3) 1065-1079;
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