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Research ArticleArticle

[S]-AR-R 15896AR—A Novel Anticonvulsant: Acute Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties

Gene C. Palmer, Robert J. Murray, Carrie L. Cramer, Mary L. Stagnitto, Marilyn K. Knowles, Lou R. Freedman, Mark S. Eismann, Nik Mahmood, Mike Balestra, Alfonso R. Borrelli, Thomas J. Hudzik and Dennis J. McCarthy
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 1999, 288 (1) 121-132;
Gene C. Palmer
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Robert J. Murray
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Carrie L. Cramer
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Mary L. Stagnitto
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Marilyn K. Knowles
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Lou R. Freedman
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Mark S. Eismann
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Nik Mahmood
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Mike Balestra
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Alfonso R. Borrelli
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Thomas J. Hudzik
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Dennis J. McCarthy
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Abstract

A rational, chemical, synthetic effort to identify promising low-affinity uncompetitiveN-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor antagonists for use as antiepileptic drugs led to the discovery of AR-R 15035AR, or [RS]-α-phenyl-2-pyridine-ethanamine·2HCl. Chiral separation followed by intensive in vivo screening resulted in the selection of the [S] enantiomer, AR-R 15896AR, as the best compound for further preclinical development. AR-R 15896AR prevented tonic seizures in rodents for up to 6 to 8 h in response to maximal electroshock (MES), 4-aminopyridine, bicuculline, or strychnine, as well as characteristic seizures following injections ofN-methyl-dl-aspartic or kainic acids. AR-R 15896AR was ineffective in two kindling models of epilepsy, did not produce tolerance to MES, and was devoid of proconvulsant and phencyclidine-like properties in mice and rats, respectively. Therapeutic indices for AR-R 15896AR were comparable to or exceeded those for standard anticonvulsants. Orally administered AR-R 15896AR rapidly entered the rat brain and was eliminated in parallel from the plasma and plasma-free compartment. A dose-response relationship between plasma and brain levels after p.o. or i.v. administration of AR-R 15896AR and protection against MES was highly correlative. The time course for loss of protection against MES mirrored the elimination of the compound from brain and plasma. The total brain concentration (25 μM) of drug at the ED50 value (∼3 mg/kg) for protection against MES seizures was consistent with the reported affinity of AR-R 15896AR at theN-methyl-d- aspartic acid binding site (IC50 value = 1.3 μM). The present findings demonstrated the attractiveness of AR-R 15896AR as a candidate for further development to treat epilepsy.

Footnotes

  • Send reprint requests to: Gene C. Palmer, Astra Arcus USA, P.O. Box 20890, Rochester, New York. E-mail:eugene.palmer{at}arcus.us.astra.com

  • Abbreviations:
    NMDA
    N-methyl-d-aspartic acid
    ANOVA
    analysis of variance
    AUC
    area under the plasma concentration versus time curve
    Cmax
    maximal plasma concentration
    tmax
    time to peak plasma concentration
    t1/2
    plasma half-life
    IA
    inactive
    s.i.d.
    dosing one time per day
    MELD
    median estimated lethal dose
    MES
    maximal electroshock
    NMDLA
    N-methyl-dl-aspartic
    PCP
    phencyclidine
    PTZ
    pentylenetetrazol or metrazol
    TI
    therapeutic index
    v/f
    volume of distribution/fraction absorbed
    • Received April 13, 1998.
    • Accepted July 30, 1998.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics: 288 (1)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Vol. 288, Issue 1
1 Jan 1999
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Research ArticleArticle

[S]-AR-R 15896AR—A Novel Anticonvulsant: Acute Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties

Gene C. Palmer, Robert J. Murray, Carrie L. Cramer, Mary L. Stagnitto, Marilyn K. Knowles, Lou R. Freedman, Mark S. Eismann, Nik Mahmood, Mike Balestra, Alfonso R. Borrelli, Thomas J. Hudzik and Dennis J. McCarthy
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 1, 1999, 288 (1) 121-132;

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Research ArticleArticle

[S]-AR-R 15896AR—A Novel Anticonvulsant: Acute Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties

Gene C. Palmer, Robert J. Murray, Carrie L. Cramer, Mary L. Stagnitto, Marilyn K. Knowles, Lou R. Freedman, Mark S. Eismann, Nik Mahmood, Mike Balestra, Alfonso R. Borrelli, Thomas J. Hudzik and Dennis J. McCarthy
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics January 1, 1999, 288 (1) 121-132;
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