Abstract
The DNA repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase (OGAT) and a deficient mismatch repair system play a critical role in the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents that generate adducts at the O6-position of guanine. However, DNA adducts different from O6-methylguanine might be also involved in cytotoxicity induced by methylating agents. Because the loss of p53 function is generally associated with tumor cell resistance to anticancer chemotherapy, we have investigated whether wild-type p53 might affect chemosensitivity of leukemia cells endowed with high OGAT levels to the methylating agent temozolomide (TZM). The effect of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP) inhibition, which potentiates the cytotoxic effects of N7-methylguanine and N3-methylguanine, was also assessed in OGAT-proficient cells, either susceptible or tolerant to O6-methylguanine. OGAT-proficient and p53 null HL60 cells were transfected with the human p53 cDNA (p53+ cells). Treatment with TZM concentrations not toxic for the cells transduced with the control vector (p53- cells), induced apoptosis in p53+ cells. These cells were characterized by a lower level of bcl-2 protein than p53- cells, whereas bax and OGAT expression was comparable in both lines. Inhibition of PADPRP potentiated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of TZM in either p53- or p53+ HL60 cells. Furthermore, PADPRP inhibitors potentiated apoptosis induced by TZM in Jurkat cells, which possess a mutated p53 gene and are tolerant to O6-methylguanine adducts. The analysis of cell cycle indicated that the drug combination of TZM and PADPRP inhibitors provoked G1 arrest only in p53+ cells. Conversely, G1 arrest was not observed in p53+ cells exposed to TZM alone. It is possible to speculate that PADPRP inhibitors might affect the repair of DNA adducts that are processed differently from O6 methylguanine and induce a different pattern of cell cycle distribution. In conclusion, the results show that p53 increases apoptosis by TZM in OGAT-proficient cells and suggest the potential role of PADPRP inhibitors in enhancing TZM activity against leukemias independently of DNA repair systems.
Footnotes
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Send reprint requests to: Dr. Grazia Graziani, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata.” Via di Tor Vergata 135, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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↵1 This study was supported in part by a grant from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and in part by the Italy-USA “Therapy on tumors” program.
- Abbreviations:
- OGAT
- O6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase
- TZM
- temozolomide
- PADPRP
- poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
- p53+
- HL60 cells transfected with the human wild-type p53 cDNA
- P53-
- HL60 cells transfected with the control vector pLNSX
- BZ
- benzamide
- ABZ
- 3-aminobenzamide
- BG
- O6-benzylguanine
- CM
- complete medium
- VP16
- etoposide
- ICE
- interleukin-1β converting enzyme
- O.D.
- optical density
- PI
- propidium iodide
- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
- Received August 11, 1997.
- Accepted January 9, 1998.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Role of Wild-Type p53 on the Antineoplastic Activity of Temozolomide Alone or Combined with Inhibitors of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase
