The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13) for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis were globally
disseminated and various clinical studies about the management of acute cholecystitis were …

We propose a new flowchart for the treatment of acute cholecystitis ( AC ) in the Tokyo
Guidelines 2018 (TG18). Grade III AC was not indicated for straightforward laparoscopic …

In some cases, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may be difficult to perform in patients with
acute cholecystitis (AC) with severe inflammation and fibrosis. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 (…

Antimicrobial therapy is a mainstay of the management for patients with acute cholangitis
and/or cholecystitis. The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 ( TG 18) provides recommendations for the …

Since the publication of the Tokyo Guidelines in 2007 and their revision in 2013, appropriate
management for acute cholecystitis has been more clearly established. Since the last …

The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 ( TG 13) include new topics in the biliary drainage section. From
these topics, we describe the indications and new techniques of biliary drainage for acute …

Altered expression and functional responses to cardiac β 3 -adrenergic receptors (ARs) may
contribute to progressive cardiac dysfunction in heart failure (CHF). We compared myocyte …

Background The effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics use for acute necrotizing pancreatitis
has been explored and a number of systematic reviews have been published with …

Background In surgical trials, complex variables such as equipment development and
surgeons’ learning curve are involved. The evidence obtained in these trials can thus fluctuate …

Background—Superoxide (O 2 − ) generated by enhanced xanthine oxidase (XO) activity
may contribute to the increased myocardial oxidative stress in heart failure (CHF). Because …