In the Guidelines, differentiation between optimal and essential standards were not always
possible, and were made in sections where it was most practical and sensible. The …

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial
publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key …

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial
publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 …

Background— Adipose tissue inflammation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of
insulin resistance (IR). The present study examined the role of lymphocytes in adipose tissue …

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is known to be a potent growth promoting factor for vascular smooth
muscle cells and fibroblasts but little is known about its influence on growth in endothelial …

Background— Angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) blockers (ARB) have been shown to
reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus by an unknown molecular mechanism. The …

For quantification of gene-specific mRNA, quantitative real-time RT-PCR has become one of
the most frequently used methods over the last few years. This article focuses on the issue …

Background Antibodies against HLA antigens cause refractory allograft rejection with
vasculopathy in some, but not all, patients. Methods We studied 33 kidney-transplant recipients …

A direct, continuous, and independent relation between blood pressure and the incidence
of various cardiovascular events, such as stroke and myocardial infarction, is now well …

From pharmacological investigations and clinical studies, it is known that ACE inhibitors exhibit
additional local actions that are not related to hemodynamic changes and that cannot be …