… Kosten TR, Krystal J: Biological mechanisms in posttraumatic stress disorder: relevance
for substance abuse. Recent Dev Alcohol 1988; 6:49-68Medline, Google Scholar …

Epidemiological and clinical data indicate high comorbidity between depression and drug
dependence that may reflect an attempt to self-medicate with drugs of abuse. The present …

Background: The prevalence, efficacy, and risk for addiction for persons receiving opioids
for chronic back pain are unclear. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of opioid treatment, …

Opioid tolerance, dependence, and addiction are all manifestations of brain changes resulting
from chronic opioid abuse. The opioid abuser’s struggle for recovery is in great part a …

This review summarizes the current approaches to the management of withdrawal in patients
addicted to sedatives such as alcohol or benzodiazepines, opioids, or stimulants such as …

… It is also striking that the PTSD patients have low, stable cortisol levels at the same time that
they show markedly increased urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine levels (Kosten et al., …

This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the association
between brain activation during exposure to cocaine-related cues and relapse to drug use in …

Urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine levels (μ/day) were measured at two-week intervals
during the course of hospitalization in the following patient groups: post-traumatic stress …

The etiopathogenic mechanisms of schizophrenia are to date unknown, although several
hypotheses have been suggested. Accumulating evidence suggests that excessive free radical …

The following recommendations are offered for evaluating and treating nicotine dependence
among patients with schizophrenia. Assessment of patients's nicotine usage should be a …