Objective The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a self-report questionnaire commonly
used to screen for depression, with ≥8–11 generally recommended as the cut-off. In Japan…

Background and Aim A glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog, liraglutide, has been reported to
block inflammatory somatic pain. We hypothesized that liraglutide attenuates …

Background In the present study, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on
liver histopathology with special reference to lipid metabolism in mice. Methods Mice were …

Brain oxytocin plays a role in gastrointestinal functions. Among them, oxytocin acts centrally
to modulate gastrointestinal motility and visceral sensation. Intestinal barrier function, one of …

Short chain fatty acids readily crosses the gut-blood and blood–brain barrier and acts centrally
to influence neuronal signaling. We hypothesized that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid …

Orexins are neuropeptides that are implicated in a number of functions. With regard to the
gastrointestinal functions, orexin acts centrally to regulate gastric secretion, gastrointestinal …

Background and Aim Metformin has been shown to have anti‐cytokine property.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS)‐induced visceral …

Increasing evidence has suggested that brain orexins are implicated in a wide variety of
physiological functions. With regard to gastrointestinal functions, orexin-A acts centrally to …

Increasing evidence has indicated that brain orexin plays a vital role in the regulation of
gastrointestinal physiology such as gastric secretion, gastric motility and pancreatic secretion. …

Statins have been reported to block inflammatory somatic pain and have an anti-cytokine
property. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS) induces …