Adverse early-life conditions induce persistent disturbances that give rise to negative
emotional states. Therefore, early life stress confers increased vulnerability to substance use …

Both the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the extrahypothalamic brain stress
system are key elements of the neural circuitry that regulates the negative states during …

Rationale Repeated social defeat (RSD) increases the rewarding effects of cocaine in
adolescent and adult rodents. Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the long-…

We have previously shown an enhanced activity of the pituitary-adrenal response in rats
dependent on morphine, which occurs concomitantly with an increase in the activity of …

The role of stress in drug addiction is well established. The negative affective states of
withdrawal most probably involve recruitment of brain stress neurocircuitry [eg, induction of …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
is a major molecular substrate of addictive properties of drugs of abuse. Hence, we …

Background Extinction period of positive affective memory of drug taking and negative affective
memory of drug withdrawal, as well as the different response of men and women might …

In humans, remifentanil anesthesia enhances nociceptive sensitization in the postoperative
period. We hypothesized that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (…

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are induced after different stress situations. Some of these proteins,
particularly HSP-27, function as markers to indicate cellular stress or damage and protect …

We previously demonstrated that morphine withdrawal induced hyperactivity of noradrenergic
pathways innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in rats, in parallel …