The recent focus on drug abuse in women has brought attention to numerous differences
between women and men. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical findings of …

Background Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that has recently been recognized as a
factor contributing to enhanced vulnerability to drug abuse. Objectives In the present review, …

… (ME Roth and ME Carroll, unpublished). In later studies in which rats from both groups were
given 3-h access to cocaine, infusions were higher in females than males in the groups that …

Rationale: Despite numerous reports that male and female animals differ in behavioral
responses to drugs, few studies have investigated sex differences in drug-reinforced behavior. …

… /kg) according to a drug autopriming procedure (Carroll and Lac 1993) that has previously
… -administration (Carroll and Lac 1993; Lynch and Carroll 1999; Campbell and Carroll 2000) …

… In a study by Roth and Carroll (2004b), female rats escalated cocaine intake to a … and
Carroll 2004b). Similar results were reported with rhesus monkeys self-administering PCP (Carroll …

Background: Relative reinforcing efficacy has been assumed to be a homogeneous
phenomenon referring to the behavior-strengthening or behavior-maintaining effects of a drug …

… The autoshaping program that was used has been previously reported Carroll and Lac,
1993, Carroll and Lac, 1997, Carroll and Lac, 1998, Lynch and Carroll, 1999. Daily autoshaping …

… In this study, Carroll and coworkers [51] reported that 100% (7/7) of a group of drug-naïve
female rhesus monkeys acquired self-administration of a low dose of phencyclidine (PCP), …

Rats given continuous access to etonitazene hydrochloride in their drinking water (5 micrograms
per milliliter) more than doubled their drug intake while deprived of food. Another group …