Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) proliferate vigorously as neurospheres in medium
containing basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), but start differentiating into neurons, astrocytes …

Lamina formation in the developing cerebral cortex requires precisely regulated generation
and migration of the cortical progenitor cells. To test the possible involvement of brain-…

Royal jelly (RJ) is known to have a variety of biological activities toward various types of
cells and tissues of animal models, but nothing is known about its effect on brain functions. …

The effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 on expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF) and its high‐affinity receptor, TrkB, in neurons cultured from the cerebral …

Activation of microglia/macrophages after injury occurs limitedly in the CNS, which finding
may explain unsuccessful axonal regeneration. Therefore, the relationship between …

Maternal infection during pregnancy is an environmental risk factor for the development of
severe brain disorders in offspring, including schizophrenia and autism. However, little is …

Symptoms of depression and anxiety appeared in mice after they had been subjected to a
combination of forced swimming for 15 min followed by being kept in cages that were …

We showed earlier that neurite outgrowth of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells was stimulated
by royal jelly extract (PERJ) or its unique component, AMP N1-oxide, via adenosine A2a …

The physiological roles of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expressed in
the microglia/macrophages of the injured spinal cord have not yet been clarified. mRNA …

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally occurring redox cofactor that acts as an essential
nutrient, antioxidant, and redox modulator. PQQ has been demonstrated to oxidize the …