Loss-of-function mutations in parkin are the major cause of early-onset familial Parkinson's
disease. To investigate the pathogenic mechanism by which loss of parkin function causes …

Davis et al. (1982) proposed a primary acoustic startle circuit in rats consisting of the
auditory nerve, posteroventral cochlear nucleus, an area near the ventrolateral lemniscus (VLL), …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder,
characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative emotions and thoughts, and …

The transient receptor potential channel 5 (TRPC5) is predominantly expressed in the brain
where it can form heterotetrameric complexes with TRPC1 and TRPC4 channel subunits. …

Endogenous opioid systems regulate neurobiological responses to threatening stimuli.
Stimulation of κ-opioid receptors (KORs) produces analgesia but induces prodepressive-like …

BACKGROUND: The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system contributes to the prodepressive
and aversive consequences of stress and is implicated in the facilitation of conditioned fear …

Epinephrine (Epi), which initiates short-term responses to cope with stress, is, in part, stress-regulated
via genetic control of its biosynthetic enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-…

The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is believed to play a role in a number
of psychiatric conditions, including anxiety disorders and depression. In the present study, …

GABA A receptor modulating drugs such as benzodiazepines (BZs) have been used to treat
anxiety disorders for over five decades. In order to determine whether the same or different …

Stress triggers psychiatric conditions including depressive and anxiety disorders. The
mechanisms by which stress produces persistent changes in behavior are not fully understood. …