Abstract
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) induces apoptosis of transformed cells. This involves changes in mitochondria, including decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. The released cytochrome c then induces events leading to the activation of caspase-3. In this study, we report that purine derivative cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, roscovitine and olomoucine, dramatically enhance this FTI-induced apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. We noticed the synergy between Cdk inhibitors and FTI through our screen to identify compounds that enhance FTI-induced apoptosis of promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60. The Cdk inhibitors by themselves do not induce apoptosis at the concentrations used. Roscovitine synergizes with FTI to release cytochrome c from mitochondria. In addition, we detected synergistic effects of FTI and roscovitine to inhibit hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Enhancement of FTI-induced apoptosis by roscovitine is not unique to HL-60 cells, since similar synergy was observed with a leukemic cell line CEM and a prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. In LNCaP cells, in addition to roscovitine and olomoucine, phophatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, LY294002, was effective in enhancing FTI-induced apoptosis. However, the effects of roscovitine appear to be distinct from those of LY294002, since roscovitine did not affect Akt activity while LY294002 significantly decreased the activity of Akt. Our finding of the synergy between FTI and Cdk inhibitor is significant for understanding the mechanism of action of FTI as well as for clinical use of FTI.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr W Robert Bishop for providing us with SCH56582 and for discussions about this work. We also thank Drs Judith Gasson, Charles Sawyers and David Chang for critical reading of this paper. This work was supported by NIH grant CA41996. C-L Gau was supported by USPHS National Research Service Award GM07185. TN was a Research Scholar supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sport and Culture, Japan. We thank Ingrid Schmidt and Nathan Regimbal at the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory for flow cytometry.
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Edamatsu, H., Gau, CL., Nemoto, T. et al. Cdk inhibitors, roscovitine and olomoucine, synergize with farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) to induce efficient apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. Oncogene 19, 3059–3068 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203625
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203625
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