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Spotlight on Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia

Leukemia volume 16, pages 1940–1958 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

Primary resistance of PML-RARα-positive acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) to the induction of clinical remission (CR) by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is rare but markedly increases in frequency after ≥2 relapses from chemotherapy-induced CRs. Nevertheless, even in de novo cases, the primary response of ATRA-naive cases is variable by several measures, suggesting involvement of heterogeneous molecular elements. Secondary, acquired ATRA resistance occurs in most patients treated with ATRA alone and in many patients who relapse from combination ATRA chemotherapy regimens despite limited ATRA exposure. Although early studies suggested that an adaptive hypercatabolic response to pharmacological ATRA levels is the principal mechanism of ATRA resistance, recent studies suggest that molecular disturbances in APL cells have a predominant role, particularly if disease relapse occurs a few months after discontinuing ATRA therapy. This review summarizes the systemic and APL cellular elements that have been linked to clinical ATRA resistance with emphasis on identifying areas of deficient information and important topics for further investigation. Overall, the subject review strongly supports the hypothesis that, although APL is an infrequent and nearly cured disease, much can be gained by understanding the complex relationship of ATRA resistance to the progression and relapse of APL, which has important implications for other leukemias and malignancies.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Dr Ari Melnick for careful reading of the manuscript and for suggestions, and to Dr Dan Douer and Dr Ryuzo Ohno for reviewing and clarifying their published data. This work was supported by USPHS Grant CA56771.

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  1. Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA

    RE Gallagher

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  1. RE Gallagher
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Gallagher, R. Retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 16, 1940–1958 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2402719

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