Effects of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol® in a rat model of carrageenan induced inflammation
Introduction
The history of utilization of pine barks dates back to ancient times. The first reported Indian cure was in the winter of 1535 in Canada when the members of a crew were dying from scurvy. The almost instant cure comprised a decoction of bark and leaves from conifers. Treatments of wounds using the bark of spruce, pine and juniper was also known at that time. Interest stimulated by these reports initiated research on pine bark extract (Rohdewald 2002) and it has found wide application in the fields of nutrition, health and over the past few decades. Pine bark extracts have received considerable attention because of their anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and high antioxidant activity. The most common commercially available pine bark extract is Pycnogenol®, a standardized extract of French maritime pine bark (Pinus maritima) which is probably the most studied phenolic tree extract containing the naturally occurring chemicals called proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins have antioxidant (Jerez et al. 2007; Guri et al. 2006), anti-inflammatory (Schafer et al. 2005), anticarcinogenic (Horakova et al. 2003; Packer et al. 1999), and immune-modulating (Liu et al. 1998) activities and have been reported to significantly affect circulation, inflammation and immune response (Packer et al. 1999). Blaszo et al. have also reported that proanthocyanidins accelerate the wound healing process and serve as potent active ingredients for the treatment of minor injuries (Blazso et al. 2004).
The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Pycnogenol® have been elucidated in a variety of in vitro and cell culture studies (Rohdewald 2002; Packer et al. 1999). Inhibition of localized inflammation was also investigated in various in vivo studies (Mochizuki and Hasegawa 2004; Sime and Reeve 2004; Blazso et al. 1997). Thus, there is evidence from several in vivo and in vitro studies that supplementation with French maritime pine bark extract improves inflammatory symptoms.
Although French maritime pine bark has been investigated intensively, there exist comparatively fewer literature reports on the anti-inflammatory activities of different pine bark species. In one published study, the effects of the pine bark crude extract, chloroform fraction and a preparative fraction prepared from P. sylvestris were measured and it was shown that P. sylvestris contained compounds which inhibited the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, proinflammatory mediators (Karonen et al. 2004).
The aim of this research study was to identify the compositions and compare the anti-inflammatory activities of a bark extract from Pinus brutia and Pycnogenol® in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, as confirmed through a review of the literature, the anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus brutia bark extract has not yet been studied.
Section snippets
Plant material and Pycnogenol®
Pinus brutia Ten. has spread out in eastern Mediterranean countries and is distributed widely in several regions in Turkey (Davis 1978–1988). Pine bark (P. brutia) was collected from Izmir-Deliomer (N: 38°10′17.0″ E: 27°03′46.7″, altitude: 120 m) in August 2006. The specimen was dried at room temperature, ground using a conventional grinder and stored at +4 °C. A voucher specimen is kept at IZEF Herbarium (IZEF 5762). Pycnogenol® was generously donated by Horphag Research Ltd., UK.
Preparation of pine bark extract
Pine bark
Results and discussion
Firstly, compositions of the samples were determined and compared using HPLC (Fig. 1). According to the results, P. brutia bark extract contained 5.3-fold more (−)-catechin and 9.8-fold more taxifolin, whereas Pycnogenol® had 2.3- and 2.6-fold more (−)-epicatechin and (−)-catechin gallate. Total catechin contents of P. brutia bark extract were 3.3-fold higher than those of Pycnogenol® (Table 1).
The next step was to determine dose-dependent suppression of carrageenan-induced paw edema. P. brutia
Conclusion
Based on these results, it can be concluded that intraperitoneal administration of P. brutia bark extract resulted in an anti-inflammatory effect very like the reported activity of Pycnogenol® (Blazso et al. 1997; Liu et al. 1998; Saliou et al. 2001). Wagner and Ulrich-Merzenich (2009) mentioned the importance of ongoing projects aimed at the development of new phytopharmaceuticals. Utilization of P. brutia bark extracts as a therapeutic agent can contribute to the achievement of this goal.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the Research Fund of Ege University (06MUH007). Special thanks to Horphag Research Ltd., UK for the donation of Pycnogenol®.
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