Mechanisms of asthma and allergic inflammation
The mastocyte: the “other” inflammatory cell in immunopathogenesis

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      Indeed, morphologic studies have documented an increase in the local density of MCs and their activation during T cell-mediated inflammatory processes, as observed in cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity, graft-versus-host reactions, sarcoidosis, Crohn׳s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis (Mekori, 2004; Bachelet et al., 2006; Kalesnikoff and Galli, 2008; Dudeck et al., 2011, Rabenhorst et al., 2012). Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that MCs or their products are pivotal in mediating leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites, are capable of presenting antigens to T cells, interact directly with and affect the function of cells of the adaptive immune system, and mediate tissue remodeling (Biedermann et al., 2000; Mekori, 2004; Bachelet et al., 2006; Kalesnikoff and Galli, 2008; Dudeck et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2011; Gri et al., 2012). However, the nature of the T cell-derived signals that lead to MC activation has not yet been fully elucidated.

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      MCs are probably present in all teleosts and are found in a variety of tissues and organs, especially the gastrointestinal tract (Fig. 4b), skin and gills [41,76,111]. MCs are motile [41,76,112] and are often strategically positioned at perivascular sites to regulate inflammation, thus placing them in a unique position to encounter invading organisms and to orchestrate a response [28,41,90,91,113]. MCs in non-mammalian vertebrates contain a wide range of compounds (i.e. heparin, neuropeptides, proteases) and also, in bony fishes, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [114,115].

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