Expression of N-methyl- d-aspartate glutamate receptor subunits in the prefrontal cortex of the rat
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Cux1 and Cux2 regulate dendritic branching, spine morphology, and synapses of the upper layer neurons of the cortex
2010, NeuronCitation Excerpt :The effects of Cux genes in dendritic spine development prompted us to analyze the expression of proteins known to modulate the number and morphology of the spine, such as PSD95 and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) (El-Husseini et al., 2000; Tada and Sheng, 2006; Ultanir et al., 2007). Western blot demonstrated a pronounced reduction of both PSD95 and the 2B subunit of NMDAR (NMDAR2B), normally abundant in the upper layers (Rudolf et al., 1996), in total lysates from adult Cux2−/− cortex (Figure 5A). By contrast, the expression of other receptors such as Glutamate receptors 1 and 2 (GluR1 and GluR2) and NMDAR1 (Figure S4A) was unaltered.
The stressed prefrontal cortex. Left? Right!
2008, Brain, Behavior, and ImmunityCitation Excerpt :This selective vulnerability of the apical dendrites to manipulations of the corticosteroid environment most likely reflects the topographical distribution of inputs to layer II/III pyramidal cells of the PFC: whereas the soma and basal dendritic tree are innervated by thalamic projections (Shibata, 1993), direct afferents from limbic regions, including the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and the basal nuclei of the amygdala, terminate in more superficial layers (Swanson and Cowan, 1977), where they preferentially contact apical dendrites. These two fiber systems are glutamatergic and their postsynaptic actions are mediated by metabotropic (AMPA) glutamate receptors (Rudolf et al, 1996) and ionotropic NMDA receptors (Pirot et al, 1994), respectively. Interestingly, layer II of the mPFC, where the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons are located, is abundantly endowed with extrasynaptic NMDA.R2B-containing receptors which play a crucial role in corticosteroid-induced hippocampal excitotoxicity (Lu et al., 2003), but also in determining stress-induced PFC cognitive impairments (Cerqueira et al., 2007b).
Corticosteroid receptors and neuroplasticity
2008, Brain Research ReviewsCitation Excerpt :The selective vulnerability of the apical dendrites to manipulations of the corticosteroid environment most likely reflects the topographical distribution of inputs to layer II/III pyramidal cells of the PFC: whereas the soma and basal dendritic tree are innervated by thalamic projections (Shibata, 1993), afferents from limbic structures, including the hippocampus, terminate in more superficial layers (Swanson and Cowan, 1977), where they preferentially contact apical dendrites. Furthermore, although both the limbic and thalamic fiber systems are glutamatergic, their postsynaptic actions are primarily mediated by ionotropic NMDA receptors (Rudolf et al., 1996) and metabotropic (AMPA) glutamate receptors (Pirot et al., 1994), respectively. Interestingly, layer II of the mPFC, where the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons are located, is endowed with extrasynaptic NMDA.R2B-containing receptors which play a crucial role in corticosteroid-induced excitotoxicity (Lu et al., 2003).
Changes in the expression of the NR2B subunit during aging in macaque monkeys
2004, Neurobiology of Aging