The relationship of astrocyte-like cells to the vessels that contribute to the blood-ocular barriers
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Newly-established in vitro inner BRB spheroids to elucidate retinal Ang2-linked substance transfer
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Expression, activity and pharmacokinetic impact of ocular transporters
2018, Advanced Drug Delivery ReviewsDifferential expression of endothelial nutrient transporters (MCT1 and GLUT1) in the developing eyes of mice
2016, Experimental Eye ResearchCitation Excerpt :This may indicate a novel feature of growing vessels shared by the brain endothelium, and could possibly be related to the special energy demand in the suckling period. Migrating endothelial cells are known to be associated with underlying astrocytes during retinal angiogenesis (Holash and Stewart, 1993; Dorrell et al., 2002; Gerhardt et al., 2003). Although there is a possibility that the underlying astrocytes locally supply lactate produced by active glycolysis, the retinal vascular plexus initially formed on the astrocyte template subsequently dissociate from each other (Gerhardt et al., 2003).
Characterization of ocular transporters
2013, Ocular Transporters and Receptors: Their Role in Drug DeliveryApplication of membrane permeability evaluated in in vitro analyses to estimate blood-retinal barrier permeability
2012, Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesCitation Excerpt :Physiologically, retinal homeostasis is maintained by the supply of nutrients and the removal of xenobiotics and endobiotics at the BRB.4 It is known that nutrients, such as glucose, vitamins, and amino acids, cross the BRB by carrier-mediated transport, and recent studies of the BRB have revealed the exp-ression of influx and efflux transporters, such as glucose transporter (GLUT1/solute carrier (SLC)2A1),5,6 L-type amino acid transporter (LAT1/SLC7A5),7 nucleoside transporters (ENTs/SLC29A subfamily),8,9 glycine transporter (GlyT/SLC6A9),10 cationic amino acid transporter (CAT1/SLC7A1),11 carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN2/SLC22A5),12 organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3/SLC22A8),13 P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1/ABCB1),14–17 multidrug resistance-ass-ociated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4),18 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2),19 in the BRB. Although the molecular features of the BRB have been significantly clarified, it still remains difficult to predict drug transport to the retina from the circulating blood because the systemic BRB permeability varies depending on the properties of the drugs, such as their lipophilicity and the availability of carrier-mediated transport.
Cassette dosing pharmacokinetic studies for evaluation of ophthalmic drugs for posterior ocular diseases
2008, Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesCitation Excerpt :It is becoming increasingly evident that the potential for similar pharmacokinetic drug interactions exists in the eye owing to a number of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters that are expressed in ocular tissues.25 For instance, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is expressed in the retinal capillary endothelial cells26 and retinal pigment epithelial cells,27 as well as several anterior segment tissues.25 However, in comparison with the extensive literature base related to their role in systemic pharmacokinetics, relatively few studies have been conducted to characterize the functional role that these systems play in controlling the disposition of compounds in the eye.