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Pharmacological animal models of Tourette syndrome
2013, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsRaphe serotonin neurons are not homogenous: Electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical evidence
2011, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :The distribution of GABA neurons was generally distinct from that of the 5-HT neurons, with GABAergic populations located just lateral to 5-HT subfields in both the DR and MR (Allers and Sharp, 2003; Day et al., 2004; Fu et al., 2010). Nevertheless, some limited co-localization with GABA and 5-HT was observed, consistent with other reports (Belin et al., 1983; Fu et al., 2010; Harandi et al., 1987; Nanopoulos et al., 1982; Stamp and Semba, 1995). Thus, a subset of raphe neurons could release both neurotransmitters within the raphe as well as in the limbic forebrain projection sites.
Functional organization of the dorsal raphe efferent system with special consideration of nitrergic cell groups
2011, Journal of Chemical NeuroanatomyCitation Excerpt :Neurons expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (the enzyme that synthesizes GABA) flank the ventromedial region of the DRN and are dispersed throughout the lateral wings (Day et al., 2004; Stamp and Semba, 1995). Although there have been conflicting reports (Nanopoulos et al., 1982; Belin et al., 1983), the consensus is that GABA and 5HT do not co-localize in the DRN (Day et al., 2004; Stamp and Semba, 1995). Excitatory glutamatergic cells expressing the VGLUT3 transporter are also present in the DRN, and co-localize with serotonergic cells in the midline region (Commons, 2009; Hioki et al., 2010).
Collateralized dorsal raphe nucleus projections: A mechanism for the integration of diverse functions during stress
2011, Journal of Chemical NeuroanatomyCitation Excerpt :Clark et al. (2006) have provided a more extensive analysis of the various DR subregions by describing the mRNA distribution of multiple 5-HT-related transcripts, further dividing the DR into six anterior-posterior subdivisions based on the distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2), the brain-specific enzyme involved in 5-HT synthesis. In addition to 5-HT, a multitude of other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been identified within the DR. The topography of neurons expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Belin et al., 1979, 1983; Gamrani et al., 1979; Mugnaini and Oertel, 1985; Nagai et al., 1983; Nanopoulos et al., 1982; Pfister et al., 1981), glutamate (Kaneko et al., 1990), dopamine (Nagatsu et al., 1979; Ochi and Shimizu, 1978), norepinephrine (Grzanna and Molliver, 1980; Grzanna et al., 1978; Steinbusch et al., 1981), and nitric oxide synthase (Nakamura et al., 1991; Pasqualotto et al., 1991; Wang et al., 1995; Wotherspoon et al., 1994) have all been well characterized throughout the DR. The distribution of neuropeptidergic neurons has also been described, including enkephalin (Glazer et al., 1981; Hokfelt et al., 1977a,b; Moss and Basbaum, 1983; Uhl et al., 1979), vasoactive intestinal peptide (Loren et al., 1979; Sims et al., 1980), substance P (Chan-Palay et al., 1978; Hokfelt et al., 1978; Ljungdahl et al., 1978), cholecystokinin (Bhatnagar et al., 2000; Otake, 2005; Vanderhaeghen et al., 1980), neuropeptide Y (de Quidt and Emson, 1986), galanin (Cortes et al., 1990; Melander et al., 1986; Skofitsch and Jacobowitz, 1985) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (Commons et al., 2003). These neuropeptide-containing DR neurons also have a topographic distribution and often colocalize 5-HT.