Clinical investigationPostmenopausal use of estrogen and occlusion of coronary arteries☆
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Gaps, limitations and new insights on endogenous estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone as related to risk of cardiovascular disease in women traversing the menopause: A narrative review
2017, MaturitasCitation Excerpt :This hypothesis has been supported by several evidence including: the lag of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence in women behind men by 10 years [15], and the uncommon presence of CVD before menopause, but more common among young women with premature menopause or bilateral oophorectomy [16]. A decline/loss of ovarian hormones after menopause is associated with worse CVD risk factors as reported in many epidemiological studies [17–24]. As reviewed elsewhere in more detail [25], two consistent notions can be gleaned from these studies: (1) women lacking endogenous estradiol have a higher CVD risk than women having normal ovarian function, and (2) postmenopausal women on hormone therapy (HT) have lower incidence and prevalence of CVD.
Soy protein concentrate lowers serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations compared with casein in ovariectomized rats fed a low-fat, cholesterol-free diet
2007, Nutrition ResearchCitation Excerpt :Although the mechanisms responsible for these observations are not fully understood, these studies suggest that estrogen plays a significant role in the reduction in established risk factors for CHD [10,11], including favorable changes in HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations [12]. However, only 25% to 50% of the protective effects of estrogen are contributed by changes in lipoprotein levels [13]. Moreover, in animal models, estrogen has been shown to attenuate the development of atherosclerosis without changes in LDL concentration [14].
Hormone Therapy in Menopause: Concepts, Controversies, and Approach to Treatment
2021, Endocrine Reviews
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Supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants R01-HL29011 and R01-HL28692 and by the Veterans Administration.